horizontal gene transfer essays

horizontal gene transfer essays For centuries, humankind has made improvements to crop plants through selective breeding and hybridization, the controlled pollination of plants. Plant technology is an extension of this traditional plant breeding with one important difference, plant biotechnology allows for the transfer of a greater variety of genetic information in a more precise controlled manner. Since introduction of plant biotechnology, many farmers have planted millions of acres of biotech corn, cotton, soybeans, fruit, and other crops. While these new varieties have enhanced, crop protection reduced production costs and increased yields, raising concern among some consumers, legislators, and activists. Many critics of agricultural biotechnology have often been dismissed. Sywanen, a professor of medical microbiology, defends the concerns of biotechnology opponents in his article titled, "In search of a horizontal gene transfer". The impact of horizontal gene transfer concerns agricultural biotechnology critics who claim that genes inserted into domesticated organisms might be transferred to wild organisms, an example would be the transfer of antibiotic resistance marker genes to soil bacteria. Sywane's studies of bacterial and plant phylogeny indicate horizontal gene transfer is involved in evolutionary change. A disturbing consequence of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria is the potential for antibiotic resistance, and other traits carried on plasmids to migrate from one type of bacterium to another. There has been evidence suggesting that genomic DNA is transmitted in nature. In bacteria, conjugation is the most likely mechanism responsible for gene transfer. Another research stated that transposon-like elements are likely vehicles for cutting and pasting genomic DNA from one organism to another, and that viruses may be responsible for transmitting genes between eukaryotes. Sywanen argues that some of the gene frequency ...

Ideology of Economic Discourse in Climate Change

Ideology of Economic Discourse in Climate Change Findings Section While developing a rhetorical genre-based approach to analyzing coalitions’ ideologies, it is imperative to define how specific social functions of environmental and economic views are realized in terms of discourse structure.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ideology of Economic Discourse in Climate Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At this point, the ideologies of a climate change advocators and climate change skeptics are disguised by rhetoric devices that serve to control certain social groups and make those groups act at economic and political levels. Analysis of Environmental Discourse Coalitions’ Ideologies in the Context of Their Rhetorical Writing The collected data presented below will define how rhetorical devices contribute to expressing ideologies of the two opposing coalitions and persuading different social groups to follow those ideologies. Specific emphasi s will be placed on how climate-change discourse provides the marginalization of a climate change, which is often defined by such metaphors as â€Å"death†, â€Å"holocaust†, or â€Å"threat† (Crist, 2007, p. 30). Ambivalent views on climate change issues will be presented to identify which side of debate is more persuasive and effective in communicating their ideas to society. Characteristics of Coalitions’ Ideologies with Regard to Definitions It has been previously defined that ideology is a set of thoughts and ideas that appeal to a specific social group. The beliefs, values, and arguments exposed by climate change activists are directly influenced by social interests. In this respect, the ideologies reflected in discursive claims of different collations are oriented on particular social groups that contribute to the debate. In addition to this, Adam Smith’s definition of ideology is also congruent with the above assumptions. In particular, the economist insists that ideology is â€Å"the combining of knowledge, beliefs and preference into a comprehensive but distorted perception, which helps cope with difficult and bewildering problems† (Aage, n. d. pp. 8-9). Relying on existing economic discourse, people shape their awareness and attitude toward the problem. Hence, some people are forced either to think over survival techniques, or to ignore the problem. This form of awareness leads to shifts in habitual limits of morality and rationality.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, the so-called ideological bias is created with the help of such techniques as suppression, repetition, oversimplification, conciliation, and injection. These pillars are closely intertwined with such rhetorical devices as logos, pathos, and ethos. With regard to ideological definitions, it is purposeful t o define how authors apply to ideological standards to introduce their ideas to masses. While considering the supporters of climate change coalition, many authors often resort to neologisms and contemporary phrases to reveal that green economy is the future of prosperous development of the planet. In other words, they stick to one aspect of economic analysis, which meet their core beliefs and values. Similar approaches are used in the report presented by European Renewable Energy Council (n. d.) that introduces a metaphorical phase – â€Å"working for the climate†, that is reflected in other synonymous phrases as â€Å"renewable energy creates jobs†, â€Å"the energy revolution makes economic sense†, â€Å"strong policy boosts renewable energy†, or â€Å"jobs are diminishing in the coal sectors† (pp. 1-23). All these phrases reiterate the main scope of ideological influence – to present thoughts and concepts encouraged by social inter ests. The opponents of the climate change advocacy coalition also resort to identical techniques to enhance their position and increase number of supporting groups. For instance, Harvey (2011) resorts to repetitions of the word â€Å"skeptical† and â€Å"skepticism† while expressing his position about climate change in such phrases as â€Å"†¦first-hand weather experiences make Canadians skeptical about global warming†, and â€Å"that skepticism is being echoed in other parts of the world†. In this respect, the author provides the answer to the question in the title – Do People Still Care?. Avoidance and suppression is also reflected in neutral economic discourse by Harris, who, on the one hand, opposes to both sides of debates. On the other hand, his unique ideological representation aims at searching for the support on the part of advocacy coalition. By focusing on the actual matters of conflict between the two parties, Harris (2011) manages to attract attention of the target social group.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ideology of Economic Discourse in Climate Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, distorting the ideas of others and interpreting previously stated beliefs in another light are the main ideological approaches used by Harris (2011). Hence, the scientists states, â€Å"†¦scientific theories are never proven by show of hand anyways, no matter how scientifically esteemed those expressing their views are† and adds â€Å"†¦the Earth would still be considered flat and space travel impossible† (Harris, 2011, p. 4). Such digressions indicate authors’ idea about ambiguity of existing scientific investigations. Judging from the examined passages, most authors pay particular attention to discussing bias to attract the audience and make them think over the problem of climate change crisis. In addition, they use rhetoric devices to expose information about the most urgent and complicate issues through invented connotations and distortion. Rhetorical Writing Analysis of a ‘Climate Change Advocacy Discourse’ Coalition: Defining the Main Strategies While evaluating different rhetoric devices used to highlight the main ideologies of climate change advocacy coalition, several non-governmental organizations have been reviewed. Specific attention has been placed to the most urgent discussions in terms of economic framework of climate change discourse. More importantly, the assessed articles and reports have revealed that the economic dimension of climate change is premised on using such rhetoric devices as rhetoric questions, metaphors, classical rhetoric, and use of logos, pathos, and ethos. Because climate change advocacy coalitions focus basically on total re-evaluation of existing economic structure, with no reference to consequences, specific attention is place d to the future perspective analysis, as well as governmental strategies directed as untangling climate change crisis. To enlarge on this point, such organizations as David Suzuki foundation, Greenpeace, Frazer Institute, and the leading political newspapers refer to pathos and ethos, rhetoric argumentation, and invented connotations while describing â€Å"the new economy†.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Krugman (2010) refers to a realistic approach while describing the consequences of developing the traditional economic infrastructure. In particular, he states, â€Å"If we continue with business as usual†¦ we are facing a rise in global temperatures that will be little short of apocalyptic. And to avoid that apocalypse, we have to wean our economy from the use of fossil fuels, coal above all† (Krugman, 2010, n. p.). To persuade the readers of the writer’s awareness of the situation, the author digresses slightly from criticism and analyses the reverse side of the medal by introducing a rhetorical question: â€Å"is it possible to make drastic cuts in greenhouse-has emissions without destroying our economy?† (Krugman, 2010, n. p). In such a manner, the author shapes a solid basis for further debates on the topic to prove that a newly constructed â€Å"green† economy is a consistent, step-by-step policy that seeks to present a step forwa rd to a better future. To underscore the importance of introducing changes to economy, many activists place an emphasis on the tragedy of situation by using pathos. At this point, Shellenberger and Nordhaus declare â€Å"the death of environmentalism† because environment movement and its experienced representatives are unable to prevent â€Å"the world’s most serious ecological crisis† (Chirst, 2007. p. 31). As same as Krugman’s text is full of rhetorical questions, Cox (2009) also resorts to this device to highlight the economic discourse in climate change. At this point, all the questions presented in the passage closely relate to the problem of cost analysis and resources that people should invest to prevent such problem as greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, the author makes use of sub-heading in the form of rhetoric questions: â€Å"Public Policy Collision Course?†, â€Å"International Comrades in Arms.† There are also rhetoric ques tion in the text itself: â€Å"†¦it seems fair to ask what percentage of households in China, India, and other developing nations are prepared to pay anything. Cox’s article sounds like a calling for people to pay closer attention to the urgent problem. To intensify the discourse, the author also provides logos – numerical data that is represented in a comparison with real and predicted figures. Apparently, Cox (2009) intends to trigger the audience think about the scales of the problem and make them change their attitude to the climate change. Use of metaphors is the approach that is frequently used by policy-makers and environmentalists to attract the masses and trigger them to action. More importantly, the art of drawing the parallels through metaphors and expanding people’s imagination contributes greatly to developing sustainable and consistent ideologies that will have a potent impact on further development of economic strategies. At this point, Cris t (2007) exemplifies a number of environmental activists who apply to metaphors to strengthen their positions. Specifically, the author mentions Eugene Linden’s metaphor of the word â€Å"switch† to render the idea of the â€Å"tipping point†: â€Å"While we’ve tended to comfort ourselves by thinking that climate change is like turning a dial †¦ the reality is that shifts in climate are more like flicking a switch† (Crist, 2007, p. 31). In other words, the environmentalist calls for the necessity to resort to radical strategies while fighting with global warming and greenhouse effect. As described by Crist (2007), Ostling (2009), the representative of David Suzuki foundation, also clamors for a complete reevaluation of economic situation with regard to climate change. In this respect, he makes use of ethos while presenting the title of his post called B.C. Budget Maintains Core Climate Strategy, but Misses Opportunity to Invest in Green Econom y. By employing such a title, the activist intends to show the ignorance of the seriousness of the ecological problem and reluctance of the government to introduce the corresponding measures to the Canadian economy. Hence, he refers to the government commitment as to â€Å"missed opportunity to strongly position the province in the emerging green economy† (Ostling, 2009, n. p.). Additionally, exposing statistical data also allows the reader to understand the increased concern of the climate change advocacy coalition with the actual impacts of ignorance on ecological and economic problems. Deliberating further on the metaphorical meaning of title, attention should be paid to the one presented by Wood (2008). His title running as Liberals and Conservatives Offer Job Killing Climate Policies where the metaphor killing enhances the author’s attitude to government’s political platforms with regard to climate change crisis. Harris (2011) makes use of the metaphorical phrase â€Å"climate change bandwagon† while deliberating on the necessity to reconcile the climate change debate and provide resolution to existing conflict. Apart from abundant use of rhetorical questions, the author strengthens his writing with sophisticated metaphors and comparisons. At this point, authors appeals to such metaphors that serve to criticize governmental policy toward the climate change, as well as influence of this policy on people’s attitudes: If we are to quickly ‘expand the tent’ of supporters of realistic, science-based climate policies to include citizens of many different political persuasions, social philosophies and commercial interests, then logical fallacies and personal attacks on the integrity of our opponents must end ( Harris, 2011, p. 21). In such a way, the environmentalist states that scientific positions cannot be judged from false perspectives because this sphere of knowledge should always be congruent with objectivit y. Rhetorical Writing Analysis of a ‘Climate Crisis Skepticism’ Coalition: Defining The Main Strategies Harvey’s (2011) title runs, Climate Change, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Canada: Do People Still Care?, which represents a skeptical article about the actual effectiveness of measures initiated by climate change advocators. The skepticism is especially revealed in the form of connotations and axioms delivering people’s genuine attitude toward the problem of global warming. Using references to reliable resources and respectable think tanks, the authors emphasizes the uselessness of strategies implemented by climate change activists. Adhering to the ideology ignorance, Harvey, apparently, wants to provoke the readers’ interest to his position and make them support the concepts and ideas he defends. Further, to define the economic implications, Harvey (2011) refers to the analysis of the Kyoto protocol by stating that its extension can cause signific ant disturbance among the Canadians. At this point, the Canadian government joined Russia and Japan in withdrawing the necessity to extend the international agreement. To highlight the position, Harper refers to arguments introduced by other leading politicians who recognize that â€Å"climate change is measured by centuries, not whether or not it rained on Victoria Day†. His skepticism is also presented in the following phrase: â€Å"†¦cooling and warming cycles are part of the earth normal pattern† (Harvey, 2011, n. p.). Many organizations whose major policies are directed at preventing the climate change crisis frequently resort to economic discourse to present a unique angle of their ideologies. In fact, their ideologies are more confined to attract people’s attention rather than to introduce effective strategies for fight with ecological disasters. Hence, while reviewing the main strategies and polices of the Global Warming Policies Foundation (2012) w ebsite, one can encounter the phrase â€Å"public trust is our most important asset† (n. p.). Judging from this, it is possible to assume that the organization is more concerned with public recognition rather than with solving the economic and ecological problems. Their economic concerns with climate change are of secondary importance. Much skepticism is revealed in The Wall Street Journal publication that expresses a rigid criticism of global warming concerns. Apparently, their ideologies are focused on maintaining the traditional structure of the economy because, according to their opinions, economic growth is hardly congruent with climate change policies. However, while conducting an in-depth analysis of ideologies presented in the newspaper article, it can be noticed that many authors apply to connotations, along with pathos, logos, and ethos to object to the scientific findings. In most of economic discourses on climate change apply to invented connotations of words and axioms to denounce scientific findings and impregnate controversial ideas to people’s minds. At this point, Clayton’s (2012) article appeals to ethos to persuade the audience that climate change advocacy policy can even be more harmful than the policy chosen by climate change skeptics. In particular, the author claims that use of alternative energy, such as wind, and sun power, can seriously influence climate both locally and globally. To enhance the position, Clayton (2012) refers to the latest scientific article to analyze the consequences and present ideas of recognized scientists: â€Å"Whatever you use energy for, it almost all ends up as a waste heat† (n. p.). To conclude the discussion and intensify its main idea, the authors applies to pathos while using such words as â€Å"scaremongering† and â€Å"accusation† while exemplifying one more scientific article. Within this context, Favate (2012) makes use of the â€Å"brewing† to emphas ize extreme imposition of public school of teaching about climate change as the main threat to the planet. While presenting two sides of the debate, the authors as if intend to show that climate change issue is on the current agenda overshadowing other, more important issues, such as poverty or unemployment rates. While resorting to the modes of persuasion in rhetoric writing to render economic aspects of climate change, the authors often refer to rhetoric argumentation rather than to other modes of persuasion. Nevertheless, some ideologists take advantage of this technique to attract the readers and support their position against introducing an ecologically predetermined economy. Specifically, Torello (2012) presents figures and charts disclosing budget that should be spent on delivering biofuels: â€Å"The â‚ ¬ 670 million ($ 850 million) investment by the state-controlled company in the plant †¦ aims at benefiting from European Union policies that seek to cut greenhouse- gas emissions from cars and trucks† (n. p.). Further, the author provides figures and percentages of prices of biofuels to prove that this kind of fuels is not profitable. To enhance the position, Favate (2012) applies to ethos while underlining perspectives of social development while introducing a â€Å"green† economy: â€Å"Europe’s squeezed consumers and taxpayers are paying the price for a flawed green policy that delivers no environmental benefits† (n. p.). Hence, the use of statistics is used to persuade the public that use of fuels does not provide benefits to either of spheres. In addition, considering pathos and ethos is also relevant to denounce the existing scientific findings. Discourse and Ideology: Representing Coalitions’ Ideologies as Special Forms of Social Cognition With regard to climate change discourse coalitions’ ideologies, the climate-change controversy is discovered as a system of autonomous political and economic sp heres. In other words, environmental issues are not discussed as separate notions, but as integral components of economics and politics. Through prism of economic analysis, coalitions’ ideologies aim at capturing social attention by their written discourses. Therefore, the impact of economic discourse on social cognition can contribute to shaping social perception of such problems as global warming and greenhouse effect. The collected data presented below will provide a better insight into social dimensions of economic discourse structures, as well as dynamic perspectives of developing economic discourse in environmentalist debates. Social Representation through Discourse Structures While considering the connection between ideologies of the climate change discourse coalitions and their written discourses, specific emphasis should be placed on aspects of discourses that share common social cognition. Judging from these conclusions, many authors establish preliminary internal s tructures and cognitive operations that can have a potent impact on social attitudes. While referring to social constructs and structures, Cox (2009) mentions how economic cost-benefit analysis can influence the marginalization of climate change crisis, which remains the most urgent topic for the world community. In addition, Cox (2009) mentions about financial issues of climate change strategies for the purpose of provoking societal interest to the environmental problem, as well as to readiness of the population to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this respect, Cox (2009) emphasizes that 2 $ per ton is not enough for reducing emissions because â€Å"American households are simply not on the same â€Å"planet† with the radical change lobby† (n. p.). Apart from referring to financial issues, Cox attains the importance to economic discourse about environmental problems with regard to the world activities concerning gas emissions. Because many consumers all over the wo rld are concerned with economy to a much greater extent than with the climate change problems, the economic discourse in discussing gas emission threats can be an effective means of attracting attention of specific social groups. Similar to Cox’s position, who believes that highlighting economic and financial issues of climate change is much more effective than presenting ethical and ecological dimensions of the debate, Torello (2012), Krugman (2010), and Johal (2011) place a specific emphasis on logos to provoke interest of specific social groups. For instance, Johal, a climate change campaigner, presents a statement is fraught with numerical data: â€Å"The [National Roundtable on the Environment and Economy] calculates that the effects of climate change will cost the Canadian economy at least $ 5 billion a year by 2020, and between $ 21 billion and $ 43 billion year, or possibly more, by 2050† (Johal, 2011, n. p.). Such kinds of predictions foster further discussion s over the importance of economic discourses. Following the phrases, Johal (2011) strives to enhance the effect by stating, â€Å"The study only looked at a few categories of impacts† (n. d.). Climate change skepticism coalition applies to this approach as well by demonstrating the costs necessary for restructuring the traditional economy. Specifically, Torello (2012) exposes the prices on biofuel, which 1.5 higher than the price on traditional fuel. As supportive evidence, the skeptic mentions about decisions of the European Environmental Agency that questions the benefits of using biofuels. As a result, both sides of debates make a specific focus on consumerist tendencies and economic perspectives of social development to persuade the audience in their ideological position. Looking at Discourse Approaches from a Dynamic Perspective A rhetorical genre analysis viewed from a dynamic perspective contributes to understanding how various structural choices interact to meet the e stablished communicative goals of a genre. In this respect, the presented economic discourse in climate change coalitions provide an account on understanding the basic social and personal needs with regard to the current debates on environmental problems. Through economic and financial prism, both coalitions, first of all, refer to the problem of employment that would attract the target audience and make them think over the problem of global warming. In such a way, the ideologist benefits in both cases. Thus, environmental advocacy coalition refers to climate change economy through the perspective of effective job opportunities. In other words, it involves more social groups who are interested in getting new job and developing their professional skills. At it has been mentioned previously, European Renewable Energy Council (n. d.) takes advantage of the employment rate situation and introduces its environmental ideologies through creating new working space. Because job opportunities lead to improving the quality of life, Johal (2011) provides much concern with the ecological situation as the main reason for economic crisis. By focusing people’s attention on cost-and-benefit analysis of resources spent on gas emission reduction, the author plans to encourage people to invent strategies aimed at alleviating g the outcomes of carbon dioxide emissions: We can make a choice to take public transit, use renewable power, eat more responsible, get involved with others in our community who also want action and vote for government leaders who will invest in these solutions and make it easier for citizens and businesses to help fight climate change (Johal, 2011, n. p.). At a glance, the phase explicitly reveals the necessity of rational use of natural resources. However, the discourse contains important undercurrents and connotations presented between the lines that do not only enhance the pivotal phrases, but also impel people to be economically responsible. Addit ionally, the phrase creates an ideological bias, which is among the most common rhetoric approach used by coalitions. Harris (2011) also takes advantage of this approach while presenting his ideological standing. At this point, his views on use of energy with regard environment are extremely controversial. This is explicitly viewed from the article titles that do not actually reveal his apparent affiliation to either of coalitions: â€Å"Do experts really agree that we are causing a climate crisis?† (Harris, 2011, p. 4.). â€Å"Do scientific society open letters really say what we are told they?† (Harris, 2011, p. 10). â€Å"Politicizing the climate science debate has boosted alarmism† (Harris, 2011, p. 16). While looking closer at those titles, much attention should be paid to the terminology used in combination with metaphorical phrases. The disguised meaning is possible to uncover if the entire article is carefully considered. Understanding Environmental Disc ourse Coalitions’ Ideologies as Powerful Tools for ‘Ideological Production, Reproduction and Challenge’ While considering coalitions’ ideologies of as a set of beliefs shaping production, challenges, and reproduction, it is impossible to create those beliefs without identifying target groups. Being a type of social cognition, economic discourse represents practices of social groups through discourse. In this respect, ignoring social collectivities can prevent from delivering climate change concerns through economic discourse. Rhetorical writing, therefore, is primary focused on filling in the gaps between cognition, society and discourse. Judging from these assumptions, Krugman (2010) underscores the existing beliefs in attempt to present a new position based on existing knowledge. Making use of the power of argumentation, therefore, is the core techniques used by the author. Specific point of discussion is enhanced through the use of such words as â€Å" you†, â€Å"we†, and â€Å"us† that engages the reader unconsciously into the discussion: â€Å"†¦one you filter out the noise generated by special-interest groups, you discover that there is widespread agreement among environmental economists that market-based program to deal with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Krugman, 2010, n. p.) All these phrases, however, are used to attract the attention and heighten the overall importance of the ideas. Further consideration of discourse proceeds with first person phrases uniting the accepted social beliefs and those provided by the author. The beliefs shared by the majority of social groups are also represented in the article by Cox (2009). Specifically, the author provides an detailed account on economic strategies of coping with climate change, but interferes the texts with personal metaphorical constructions, which can be noticed in the following passage: â€Å"The Waxman-Markey â€Å"cap-and-trade† bill still awaits con sideration by the US Senate, interest groups†¦.epitomized by the â€Å"Moving Cooler† coalition, but they are â€Å"low-balling† the costs of implementation†. Such additions as â€Å"cap and trade† and â€Å"low-balling† emphasize the presence of personal outlooks in the light of the generally accepted assumptions. As a result, the author tries to contras between the majority’s view and his own. Apparently, Cox (2009) attempts to highlight the parts that have been little discussed in the light of economic discourse. Using direct quotes from other sources is another approach by means of which the environmentalists strive to enhance credibility of information. This technique is particularly represented in the discourses by Harvey (2011), Harris (2011), Favate (2012), and Clayton (2012) who are more concerned with citing other credible resources and scientific findings to capture attention of concerned social groups. While assessing discour se as a form of social representation specific attention should also be paid to norms and values shared by the coalition. In this respect, the participants of the debates can be the ones supporting conservative views on solving the problem of climate changes and the one underscoring the liberal position while looking at environmental issues. It is logical to assume, therefore, that climate change advocacy coalition expresses a more liberal attitude toward shaping economic infrastructure whereas environmental skeptics stand for conventional underpinnings of the current economy. For instance, Torello (2012), as the brightest representative of conservative vision, expands on the negative consequences of introducing biofuel to the market. References Aage, H. (n. d.). Economic Ideology about the Environment. From Adam Smith to Bjorn Lomborg. Research Articles. Retrieved from: globalenvironment.it/aage.pdf Clayton, N. (2012). How Even Alternative Energy Could Threaten the Planet. Wall Str eet Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2012/01/31/how-even-alternative-energy-could-threaten-the-planet/?KEYWORDS=climate+change Cox, W. (2009). The Cost of Climate Change Strategies, Who Will Tell People?. Frontier Centre. Retrieved from: fcpp.org/publication.php/2928 Crist, E. (2007). Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse. Telos. 141, 29-55. European Renewable Energy Council (n. d.). Working for the Climate: Renewable Energy and the Green Job [R]evolution. Greenpeace. Retrieved from greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2009/9/working-for-the-climate.pdf Favate, S. (2012). Climate Change Debate Brewing in American Classrooms. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2012/01/27/climate-change-debate-brewing-in-american-classrooms/?KEYWORDS=climate+change Global Warming Policy Foundation (2012). Who We Are. Retrieved from thegwpf.org/who-we-are/history-and-mission.html Harris, T. (2 011) Getting Society off the Climate Change Bandwagon. Frontier Centre for Public Policy, 102, pp.1-23. Retrieved from fcpp.org/files/1/PS102_CCBandwagon_F2.pdf Harvey, I. (2011). Climate Change, Greenhouse Emissions and Canada: Do People Still Care? Frontier Institute. Retrieved from fcpp.org/publication.php/3796 Johal, H. (2011). Climate Change: We Have a Choice. David Suzuki Foundation. Retrieved from: davidsuzuki.org/blogs/climate-blog/2011/10/climate-change-we-have-a-choice/ Krugman, P. (2010). Building a Green Economy. The New York Times. Retrieved from: nytimes.com/2010/04/11/magazine/11Economy-t.html?pagewanted=all Ostling, K. (2009). B. C. Budget Maintain Core Climate Strategy, but Misses Opportunity to Invest in Green Economy. David Suzuki Foundation. Retrieved from davidsuzuki.org/media/news/2009/02/bc-budget-maintains-core-climate-strategy-but-misses-opportunity-to-invest-in-gr/ Torello, A. (2012). As EU Ramps up Biofuels, Climate Debate Intensifies. The Wall Street Jour nal. Retrieved from: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203806504577177723056373332.html?KEYWORDS=climate+change+economy Wood, J. (2008). Liberals and Conservatives Offer Job Killing Climate Policies. Fraser Institute, Retrieved from fraserinstitute.org/publicationdisplay.aspx?id=17456terms=%22climate+change%22

What kinds of Social control does religion has on an individual Essay

What kinds of Social control does religion has on an individual - Essay Example Death is the fate of all men but the choice of where to spend eternity; either in heaven or hell is left to every individual and the fear of eternal death in hell leads to some social characters exibited by those who practice religion. Religion is an asset to the society which has a great impact and control on the individuals who practice true religion. The practice of religion either fable or geniune helps in governing a society in different aspects. Organization in the setting of democracy or a government by the use of religion in taking an oath of office. While in the rule of law religion plays a vital role in witnessing by swearing by his or her belief. People that practice religion are less likely to be caught up in societal ills such as, crime, addiction, alcohol, drug abuse, suicide, and other bad vices. Religion bring social stability mixed the norms and beliefs from religious beliefs. Patrick(1996), shines more light to the issue of religion on the social status of an individual health thereby promoting longevity, improving the chances of recovery from any sickness, and reduces the probability of being infected by deadly diseases. One of the such deadly diseases is AIDS which is primarily transmitted via sexual intercourse, this is highly prevented not by protection of practicing safe sex but by total abstainance. Total abstainance is mainly practiced by those who have religion and this is one of the many impacts of religion in the society. â€Å"The absence of self-esteem weakens the personality and put the person at greater risk for crimel, addiction and other social maladies.† The absence of self-esteem renders an individual empty, thereby giving room for depression. Depression alone leads to many societal ills which all started from a crippled pesonality. Another point by Patrick is â€Å"†¦ the practice of religion has a significant

Principles of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Economics - Essay Example Other significant feature of this market model is the presence of a great deal of non-price competition as control over price is limited by their mutual interdependence. This is one of the significant behaviors of oligopolies when it comes to their pricing strategy. To have a better understanding of this oligopolistic pricing behavior, we will adopt a game theory model and use the matrix illustrated below. FIGURE 1. GAME THEORY AND PRICING STRATEGY Applying game theories in pricing strategies work like what is shown in Figure 1. Supposed we have the two oligopolists, Firm 1 and Firm 2 and each can choose either a high or low price. Their payoff matrix shows that if both firms will choose a high price, each will make $6 million but if both decided to sell at a low price, each will make $4 million. However, if one of them chooses a high price and the other one chooses a low price, the low- priced firm will make $8 million but the high-priced firm will only make $2 million. So, they wil l end up charging the low price because it is the dominant strategy. Oligopolists who are independent compete with respect to price and this will result to lower prices and lower profits. Consumers will end up benefitting from this. On the other hand, the oligopolists are at disadvantage because they will experience lower profits than if they both had charged high price. To avoid the outcome lower profit, they would rather choose to collude than to establish price competitively or independently. But the positive effect of collusion on variety and quality more than compensates consumers for the negative effect of collusive prices, so that consumer surplus is larger with collusion (Pakes 2000, p.1). Collusion is a situation in which firms act together and in agreement to set price of the product and the output each firm will produce or determine the geographic area in which each firm will sell (McConnell and Brue 1993 p.224). It may be in an overt or covert form. The most comprehensiv e form of an overt collusion is the cartel which typically involves a written agreement with respect to both price and production. Cartels can control output by making sure that the market is shared among members and the agreed price is maintained in the market (Lande and Marvel 2008, par. 2). The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is one of the most successful oil cartel in the world. There are countries like United States where cartels are illegal and there is a strict enforcement of anti-trust laws (Danieljensenlaw.com par.2). So, in cases like this, oligopolists tend to collude implicitly This can be done through tacit collusion. â€Å"Tacit collusion† need not involve any â€Å"collusion† in the legal sense, and in particular need involve no communication between the parties. It is referred to as tacit collusion only because the outcome (in terms of prices set or quantities produced, for example) may well resemble that of explicit collusion or ev en of an official cartel. A better term from a legal perspective might be â€Å"tacit coordination† (Marc, Julliene and Rey 2003, p.4). This may be seen in form of a price leadership. In the theory of price leadership, the basic assumption is that the dominant firm- usually the largest or the most efficient firm in the industry- sets the price and allows the other firms to sell all they can at that price

Short Cousework on Parts of Speech Essay Example for Free

Short Cousework on Parts of Speech Essay I am equally grateful to my lecturer, Madam Wan Ziraiza Binti Raja Wan Ismail because she gave me moral support and guided me regarding the topic in this assignment. She had been very kind and patient while suggesting me the outlines of this short coursework in class and correcting my uncertainties. I would like to thank her from bottom of my heart for her overall supports. Encourage is all important for me. I find myself being deeply indebted and grateful to those who always stand beside and supporting me; my parents and friends. I would like to show my appreciation to all of my fellow friends who are willing to spend their time discussing together about this English assignment in the progression of finishing this assignment. Thanks to them for their useful information and guidance in order to help out to make my assignment better from time to time. I am very thankful to everyone who had supported me, for I have completed this short coursework effectively and moreover on time. By doing this assignment, I can call in mind and increased my knowledge on English especially on grammar part. I sincerely hope that this assignment can encourage me and my friends to become possess in English grammar from now on. INTRODUCTION In this short coursework, three main things must be included which is parts of speech, types of sentences and tenses. According to Edward Sapir in his book Language: an Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921), â€Å"a part of speech outside of the limitations of syntactic form is but a will o’ the wisp. For this reason, no logical scheme of the parts of speech-their number, nature, and necessary confines-is of the slightest interest to the linguist†. Part of speech can be defined as a classification of words according to how they are used in a sentence and the types of ideas they convey. The chief parts of speech in English are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. There are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, compound sentence and complex sentence. Simple sentence also called an independent clause contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. Compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The example of coordinators are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. John Seely said in his book Grammar for Teachers ( 2007), Some grammarians define a tense as an inflection of the verb-a change of meaning you achieve by altering the form of the verb†. In other words, tense refers to the form a verb takes depending on the time at which an action occurred. Tenses may also indicate whether an action, activity or state is, was, or will be complete, or whether it is, was, or will be in progress over a period of  time. The English grammar should be learned by everyone because it supplies essential information about the grammatical forms and structures of all the major and minor word classes that is important in daily conversations. 2.2 TYPES OF SENTENCES Simple sentences: 1) Developing countries contribute nearly half of the total GHG emissions. 2) Climate change is steadily depressing crop yields. Compound sentences: 1) Numerous policy and scientific reports indicate that if better technologies and management practices are evolved and put into use, the agricultural sector can offer a huge potential to reduce GHG load in a cost-effective manner. 2) It is estimated that an additional annual investment of USD 1.5 billion in agriculture and rural development will be needed to offset such an impact in South Asia. Complex sentences: 1) Sustainability has been given due consideration because in Asian countries intensive land use is accompanied by problems such as unplanned exploitation of nature soil and water resources. 2) It is estimated that an additional annual investment of USD 1.5 billion in agriculture and rural development will be needed to offset such an impact in South Asia and USD 7 billion on a global scale. REFLECTION Thanks to Allah S.W.T. for His Grateful finally I could finished my short coursework completely. In this short coursework, I have to select a text on environment. 10 sentences must be selected from the text and analyze the sentences according to the five parts of speech. Next task is to give two examples of simple, compound and complex sentences each from the text. Lastly, the task needs me to construct 12 sentences from selected three verbs according to the sub tenses. I have gained a lot of benefits by doing this assignment. First, when I have found the article, I read it critically and understanding the type of sentences. This has improving my reading skill. Secondly, I practice to use correct and appropriate language structure in different types of writing. I admit that I was weak in the grammar part. With this assignment, I could recall what I have learned in previous lesson at class before this and strengthen my English especially in grammar. Moreover, this assignment gives me opportunity to learn English grammar more as I know grammar scope is wide. The problem that I face in completing this short coursework is I have to select the most suitable text related to environment. The difficulty appeared when the text contains long sentences and it brings difficulty to me to analyze the sentences. To overcome this problem, I have discussed with  my friend about the best text to be selected. My friends and I help each other as the saying goes â€Å"sharing is caring†. Even Sir Winston Churchill said that â€Å"If you have knowledge, let others light their candles with it†. Finally, I would like to emphasis here that this coursework has build my repertoire of understanding the grammar in English. Hopefully the knowledge that I gained would be useful for me and my friends. Thank you. CONCLUSION Grammar is one of the structures of language. It is very important to have a good basic grammar, as it is most important one being effective communication. Grammatical errors in both speaking and writing can distract from the message itself and cause negative feelings to the listener or reader. Avoiding grammatical errors can help students avoid low grades, low self-esteem and embarrassment. The key to good grammar is getting know first when to use which style and being able to defend own reasoning. Bookstores, libraries, and the internet are full of information on proper use of grammar. In order to improve grammar mastery, take some time to read the books, listen to the english tapes, visit english web sites, and work on grammar skills. Conversation in english with friends may help to make english mastery better. Thus, I can conclude that grammar is subjective and quite doubtful however; bad grammar should always be avoided. BIBLIOGRAPHY Wren Martin, (2008), High School English Grammar Composition, S. Chand Company Ltd. Mark Cholij and Geetha Nagaraj, (2004), English Basic a companion to grammar and writing, C.O.S. Printers Pte Ltd Betty Schrampfer Azar, (1996), Basic English Grammar Second Edition, Pearson Education Company Betty Schrampfer Azar, (1992), Fundamentals of English Grammar Second Edition Pearson Education Company J.S. Hooper, (2007), A Quick English Reference, published by Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. Eddiplex, (2008), Advanced English Grammar, Eddiplex Sdn. Bhd. Lynne Hand, The Learn English Online Network, http://www.learnenglish.de/vocabulary/tenses/growtense.htm#top, access on 23 February 2011 Erlyn Baack, http://www.eslbee.com/sentences.htm, access on 23 February 2011 Demand Media (2010), http://www.essortment.com/parts-speech-34216.html, access on 23 February 2011 Englishclub.com, http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htm, access on 24 February 2011

Race in Othello and Titus Andronicus Essay -- comparison compare contr

Race in Othello and Titus Andronicus      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Within both Titus Andronicus and Othello both by William Shakespeare the reader is introduced to the concept of a black man within a white society. Stigmas and stereotypes are attached to the black characters of Aaron and Othello. Although each black character has a similar stigma, the characters are very different from one another. Aaron is portrayed as evil, conniving and malevolent, while Othello has none of these traits. Othello's fault lies in the fact that he is very gullible and easily led. Aaron within Titus Andronicus is a character that is both bound and not bound to his colour. Though his actions can be "blamed" on his colour, there are two paths to follow in this thinking. First Aaron's actions within the play can be blamed on the fact that he is black and as he is black, he is naturally a bad person as black people are stereotypically people prone to causing trouble and have black souls which match their outward appearance. This answer would have been acceptable within Shakespeare's times, however it seems that it doesn't fit with Othello as the villain in that play is a white man, who's soul is nothing but pure evil. If one were going by the terms of colour dictates your soul, that would have made Iago a good man, and he definitely wasn't a good man. The other way in which one could take Aaron's misbehavior, which seems to be the more logical one is that his actions though are a result of his skin tone are not an inbred condition. His actions, deeds and thoughts are not dictated through his skin colour, but because of the ostracism and the hate he has felt through his life due to his skin colour he now has built up a resistance to the hate. By throwing hate ba... ...what similar. Though both characters have similar stigmas attached to them they are very different from one another. The reaction to Aaron can be justified as he actually is an evil person and causes nothing but trouble. In the case of Othello, the reactions of the other characters are simply a projection of the stereotypes associated with the black man. Works Cited McLauchlan, Juliet. Shakespeare - Othello. London: Camelot Press Ltd. 1971 Wain, John. Shakespeare's Othello - A Casebook. London: MacMillan Press. 1994 Shakespeare, William. "The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice" The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & |Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 2100-2174 Shakespeare, William. "Titus Andronicus"   The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & |Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 371-434   

Cross Cultural Contact with Americans

Intercultural CommunicationRini Anggun Pertiwi 2 chsEducation A 0902443 Chapter Report: Chapter 1 Cross-Cultural Contact with Americans American, as it is explained in the beginning of chapter 1, is described as the people who were born, raised and lives in the United State. We will find that Americans are consists of many people from different races, religions and ethnics. A lot of culture, might be, live together in the same area. Before, they called it as â€Å"melting pot† where so many different culture are blending, mixing each other without decompress the culture it self.However, the term â€Å"melting pot† is no longer use by the American because, in fact, the culture is not blending or mixing to each other. They are stand side by side and keep their own color like mosaic. With this kind of variety, it is hard to explain who Americans are. Some different culture value perspective about American often occur when someone from the outside of American society exagge rate to much even though they lack of information or contact with the member of American society.This kind of stereotype, for some reason, gives a yin-yang effect when someone divides the society into â€Å"we† and â€Å"they†. They will compare about what â€Å"we† have with something that â€Å"they† have. Sometimes, â€Å"they† becomes a negative side of the comparison because the â€Å"we† see them has too much differences. With such culture variation, United States is seen as a vast country. However, America still has mainstream value that will generalize American to make them exposed the same society value, it is called as Americanization.Furthermore, American has their own way to describe the value of their culture. For example, firstly, the attitude towards privacy which sometimes miss interpreted by foreigners or non American. As it’s explained in the book, for Americans privacy doesn’t mean isolation or loneliness. Th ey considered it as the way of respect to the individual needs. Secondly, American likes to minimize status differences in their society. Without allaying the power status they make themselves equal with other. Thirdly, American focuses on progress and change.This future orientation behavior makes them want to fulfill their future needs, their value of responsibility to the life change are essentials. As this book already figure out, cross-cultural communication with American who has various ethnic groups and culture from different ancestor will shows the differences between cultural behavior and individual behavior of them. Reference: Levine, D. R. , & Adelman, M. B. (1993). Beyond Language: Cross-Cultural Communication. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Regents.

Africans in America Growth of Slavery in the 1600s and 1700s

CHAPTER 13 Trait Theories (p. 447) 1. b. 2. (a)ii, (b)iii, (c)iv, (d)v, (e)i. 3. e. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories (p. 455) 1. The conscious is the tip of the iceberg and the highest level of awareness; the preconscious is just below the surface but can readily be brought to awareness; the unconscious is the large base of the iceberg and operates below the level of awareness. 2. b. 3. Freud believed an individual’s adult personality refl ected his or her resolution of the specifi c crisis presented in each psychosexual stage (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital). 4. a) Adler, (b) Horney, (c) Jung, (d) Horney. Humanistic Theories (p. 458) 1. a. 2. c. 3. self-actualization. 4. Humanistic theories are criticized for their naive assumptions, poor testability and inadequate evidence, and narrowness in merely describing, not explaining, behavior. Social-Cognitive Theories (p. 460) 1. how each individual thinks about the world and interprets experiences. 2. a. 3. c. 4. e xternal locus of control, internal locus of control. Biological Theories (p. 462) 1. d. 2. Some researchers emphasize the importance of the unshared environment, while others fear that genetic eterminism could be misused to â€Å"prove† certain ethnic groups are inferior, male dominance is natural, or that social progress is impossible. 3. b. 4. c. Personality Assessment (p. 469) 1. (a)ii, (b)i, (c)iii. 2. projective; 3. b. 4. People accept pseudo-personality tests because they offer generalized statements that apply to almost everyone (Barnum effect), they notice and remember events that confi rm predictions and ignore the misses (fallacy of positive instances), and they prefer information that maintains a positive self-image (self-serving bias).

Research CSS (level 1) vs. CSS3 Essay Essays

Research CSS (level 1) vs. CSS3 Essay Essays Research CSS (level 1) vs. CSS3 Essay Paper Research CSS (level 1) vs. CSS3 Essay Paper The latest version of CSS is the CSS3 version which fundamentally differs from CSS2 in the incorporation of Modules and other alterations. Modules enable the designing to be done in a lesser clip with more easiness while updating single characteristics and specifications. The CSS3 version supports many more browsers than CSS2. but make certain it works on all operating systems and browsers. Other major alterations include CSS Selectors which CSS2 had simple pickers and the new version calls the constituents as a sequence of simple pickers. Pseudo elements because many Pseudo elements have been added that allow in-depth yet easy styling. Besides a new convention of dual colons ‘ : :’ has been introduced. Style belongingss let multiple background images be layered in the box utilizing different elements like background image place and repetition. Border manner is the styling of boundary lines that extended to images and rounded designs which includes making image of the boundary lines and so automatically use image to the boundary lines through CSS. Additions in Properties include border-radius. image-source. image-slice. and the values for width beginning and stretch have been added in CSS3. It besides features belongingss for pull offing boxes like shadowing. wrapper and breakage have been added. The best portion of CSS3 is that it has done away with complex constructions for div ticket and makes it easy for hassle free designing of multiple table-less columns. This can be merely done by seting in the figure of columns in the browser that need to be added in the organic structure component along with their breadth. colour and tallness to do the text flow through the columns with easiness.

John Fremont - John C. Fremont - Civil War - Valley Campaign

John Fremont - John C. Fremont - Civil War - Valley Campaign John C. Frmont - Early Life: Born January 21, 1813, John C. Frà ©mont was the illegitimate son of Charles Fremon (formerly Louis-Renà © Frà ©mont) and Anne B. Whiting. The daughter of a socially prominent Virginia family, Whiting began an affair with Fremon while she was married to Major John Pryor. Leaving her husband, Whiting and Fremon ultimately settled in Savannah. Though Pryor sought a divorce, it was not granted by the Virginia House of Delegates. As a result, Whiting and Fremon were never able to marry. Raised in Savannah, their son pursued a classical education and began attending the College of Charleston in the late 1820s. John C. Frmont - Going West: In 1835, he received an appointment to serve as a teacher of mathematics aboard USS Natchez. Remaining on board for two years, he left to pursue a career in civil engineering. Appointed a second lieutenant in the US Armys Corps of Topographical Engineers, he began taking part in surveying expeditions in 1838. Working with Joseph Nicollet, he aided in mapping the lands between the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Having gained experience, he was tasked with charting the Des Moines River in 1841. That same year, Frà ©mont married Jessie Benton, the daughter of powerful Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton. The following year, Frà ©mont was ordered to prepare an expedition to South Pass (in present-day Wyoming). In planning the expedition, he met noted frontiersman Kit Carson and contracted him to guide the party. This marked the first of several collaborations between the two men. The expedition to South Pass proved a success and over the next four years Frà ©mont and Carson explored the Sierra Nevadas and other lands along the Oregon Trail. Earning some fame for his exploits in the west, Frà ©mont was given the nickname The Pathfinder. John C. Frmont - Mexican-American War: In June 1845, Frà ©mont and Carson departed St. Louis, MO with 55 men for an expedition up the Arkansas River. Rather than follow the expeditions stated goals, Frà ©mont diverted the group and marched directly to California. Arriving in the Sacramento Valley, he worked to agitate American settlers against the Mexican government. When this nearly led to a clash with Mexican troops under General Josà © Castro, he withdrew north to Klamath Lake in Oregon. Alerted to the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, he moved south and worked with American settlers to form the California Battalion (US Mounted Rifles). Serving as its commander, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, Frà ©mont worked with Commodore Robert Stockton, commander of the US Pacific Squadron, to wrest the coastal towns of California away from the Mexicans. During the campaign, his men captured Santa Barbara and Los Angeles. On January 13, 1847, Frà ©mont concluded the Treaty of Cahuenga with Governor Andres Pico which terminated the fighting in California. Three days later, Stockton appointed him the military governor of California. His rule proved short-lived as the recently arrived Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny asserted that the post was rightly his. John C. Frmont - Entering Politics: Initially refusing to yield the governorship, Frà ©mont was court-martialed by Kearny and convicted of mutiny and disobedience. Though quickly pardoned by President James K. Polk, Frà ©mont resigned his commission and settled in California at Rancho Las Mariposas. In 1848-1849, he conducted a failed expedition to scout a route for a railroad from St. Louis to San Francisco along the 38th Parallel. Returning to California, he was appointed one of the states first US senators in 1850. Serving for a year, he soon became involved with the newly-formed Republican Party. An opponent to the expansion of slavery, Frà ©mont became prominent within the party and was nominated as its first presidential candidate in 1856. Running against Democrat James Buchanan and American Party candidate Millard Fillmore, Frà ©mont campaigned against the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the growth of slavery. Though defeated by Buchanan, he finished second and showed that the party could achieve an electoral victory in 1860 with the support of two more states. Returning to private life, he was in Europe when the Civil War began in April 1861. John C. Frmont - The Civil War: Eager to aid the Union, he purchased a large amount of arms before returning to the United States. In May 1861, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Frà ©mont a major general. Though largely done for political reasons, Frà ©mont was soon dispatched to St. Louis to command the Department of the West. Arriving in St. Louis, he began fortifying the city and quickly moved to bring Missouri into the Union camp. While his forces campaigned in the state with mixed results, he remained in St. Louis. Following a defeat at Wilsons Creek in August, he declared martial law in the state. Acting without authorization, he began confiscating property belonging to secessionists as well as issued an order emancipating slaves. Stunned by Frà ©monts actions and concerned they would hand Missouri to the South, Lincoln immediately directed him to revoke his orders. Refusing, he dispatched his wife to Washington, DC to argue his case. Ignoring her arguments, Lincoln relieved Frà ©mont on November 2, 1861. Though the War Department issued a report detailing Frà ©monts failings as a commander, Lincoln was politically pressured into giving him another command. As a result, Frà ©mont was appointed to lead the Mountain Department, which comprised parts of Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, in March 1862. In this role, he conducted operations against Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley. Through the late spring of 1862, Frà ©monts men were beaten at McDowell (May 8) and he was personally defeated at Cross Keys (June 8). In late June, Frà ©monts command was slated to join Major General John Popes newly-formed Army of Virginia. As he was senior to Pope, Frà ©mont refused this assignment and returned to his home in New York to await another command. None was forthcoming. John C. Frmont - 1864 Election Later Life: Still noteworthy within the Republican Party, Frà ©mont was approached in 1864 by hard-line Radical Republicans who disagreed with Lincolns lenient positions on postwar reconstruction of the South. Nominated for president by this group, his candidacy threatened to split the party. In September 1864, Frà ©mont abandoned his bid after negotiating the removal of Postmaster General Montgomery Blair. Following the war, he purchased the Pacific Railroad from the state of Missouri. Reorganizing it as the Southwest Pacific Railroad in August 1866, he lost it the following year when he was unable to make payments on the purchase debt. Having lost most of his fortune, Frà ©mont returned to public service in 1878 when he was appointed governor of the Arizona Territory. Holding his position until 1881, he was largely dependent on income from his wifes writing career. Retiring to Staten Island, NY, he died in New York City on July 13, 1890. Selected Sources Civil War: John C. FremontCalifornia Military Museum: John C. Fremont Biographical Dictionary of the US Congress: John C. Fremont

Public vs. Investors Perception on Materiality Term Paper

Public vs. Investors Perception on Materiality - Term Paper Example The main purpose of performing an audit on financial statements is to help the auditor to put forth an instant judgment as to whether the financial statements are duly organized in accordance with the recognized financial reporting systems like the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principle). The perception of materiality assessment is highly dependent on the expatriate opinion. According to FASB (1975), "material information is that whose omission or misstatement could influence the economic decision of stakeholders to the financial statements. Materiality is dependent on the size of the item or error judged in the particular scenario of its omission or misstatement. Materiality provides a threshold or cut-off point rather than being a primary qualitative characteristic whose information must have if it is to be useful." Public vs. Investors Perception on Materiality The public and the private investors have different perceptions on materiality. The entry of auditor’s mate riality is perceived as proprietary data by numerous certified public accounting companies as they are not normally reported to the public (Ryan, 2004). Numerous regulators and scholars have suggested that the auditors must be asked to give a report on materiality entry to the users of the financial statements in their report of audit. ... This stand by FASB regarding materiality has compelled scholars to investigate the opinion of organizers, users and auditors of the statements of finance where most of these researches uncover that there is an anticipation break amongst the users and auditors of the statements of finance as to what that amount to a material misstatement. The expectation break has the implication that the criterion of materiality entirely used by auditors to describe and perform materiality is essentially unique from that used by the users of buyer financial statements. The absence of consistency in materiality opinion limits the users from being knowledgeable in regard to misstatements or omission of items they feel to be material in the financial statements. In this regard, the position taken by the FASB and the â€Å"expectation void† in materiality opinion consequently made scholars and regulators suggest that materiality by auditor’s entry to be reported to the public. The normal al legation is that revealing of the auditor materiality entry would give the users the information of the extent of suitable error or misstatement in the buyer statements of finance and finally, minimize the disparity of materiality decisions by the users and auditors (Fields, 2011). The users of the public financial statements would also be in a position to substantially make use of the auditor materiality entry to evaluate the degree of dependence they can allocate on the audit to ascertain that public financial statements are independent from material misrepresentation. Therefore, it is claimed that the revelation of auditor materiality entry might assist in creating a high agreement amidst the public anticipation of the auditor, including its judgment of the performance by

Mediation and intercultural communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mediation and intercultural communication - Essay Example is to ensure the best performance of his duties, connected with finding an acceptable agreement between opposing parties. As far as mediation in Saudi Arabia is concerned, completely confidential and satisfactory for both parties resolution of the conflict should be meant, while mediation sphere in this country comprises one of the best professionals in this area. Mediators in Saudi Arabia are divided by the sphere of professional interest: for example, in order to solve dispute concerning employment agreement, it is necessary to contact with mediator in Saudi Arabia, who specializes in labor contracts. Other kinds of disputes, which can be handled by mediators in Saudi Arabia, include consumers, business, divorce etc. Saudi Arabia, being a multicultural country, faces disputes in which representatives of opposing cultural views are involved. Intercultural relations and communication are of the great importance in such cases, as it is tremendously necessary to tolerate opposin g parties in order to come to an agreement, which will satisfy both. In such cases mutual understanding and intercultural communications play an integral part and share each other’s thoughts and views, help to understand other opinions and to come to common solutions. To conclude, mediation in Saudi Arabia is a basic instrument in solving disputes and finding agreements. Intercultural relations and communication make it possible to understand opposing parties and to reach a common goal Seat, K. (2012, March 19). International Mediation Developments – November 2013.International Mediation Developments - November 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2014, from http://www.mediate.com/articles/intlmeddevNo Zemanta, A. (2010, January 11). Virtual Mediation Lab.  Virtual Mediation Lab. Retrieved June 21, 2014, from