Brigance Testing - Inventory of Early Development Coursework

Brigance Testing - Inventory of Early Development - Coursework Example This paper focuses on that the evaluation normed on the youth stock for kids matured between zero to seven years. This incorporates significantly kids going to Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten, and First Grade. The appraisal centers around the general information on these kids in the eleven specific regions of evaluation, which lead to the assurance of the learning progress of kid. The test centers around kids at their beginning periods of learning so as to make a reasonable learning condition for them later on by setting the correct track from as right on time as Pre-Kindergarten. At this beginning time, a youngster becomes acquainted with their shortcomings and qualities, and afterward begins enhancing them as opposed to letting the issue lie for certain years into the center school, for example, before starting work on it. This paper makes an end that this appraisal is additionally versatile to kids with constraints, for example, those with correspondence and language confinements. The test empowers educators to recognize the specific regions in their confinements that make it hard for them to attempt a legitimate learning experience. The schools being referred to concentrate unmistakably on the organization of a Bringance Test to the kids during confirmation so as to decide their frail and solid territories, just as think of the correct methodologies to improve and keep up their presentation so as to upgrade their learning experience. This test empowers kids to improve their taking in progress from a beginning period

Business Law and Ethics Case Study of Charlene †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Business Law and Ethics Case Study of Charlene. Answer: Conversation According to the contextual investigation, Charlene who is the yoga educator is respondent and Skye who is understudy, is offended party. At the hour of yoga meeting Skye slid her left foot to the table, toppling the urn and liner onto her body. In this manner, hot tea, towels and machines chastened her skin and now she need to sue the litigant Charlene and guarantee the cures. Agreeing the situation of the case, Charlene change the yoga class plan for own prerequisite and 45 numbered understudies accomplish the class and along these lines the absence of room emerge. The offended party who has discovered little space close to the table where the respondent has keeps the hot tea and towels. She slipped and consumed her skin. Here, the litigant has an obligation of care towards her understudies. She breaks her obligation of care toward the plaintiff[1]. The litigant realizes that the floor of the lobby is tricky. She may have given elastic stuns to everyone and requested to wear it however not referenced the reasons to utilize it at the hour of yoga. The offended party chooses not to wear the stuns on the grounds that it is crisscrossing to her dress and slipped on the floor. It is the obligation of the defendant[2] to mindful her understudies to wear the stuns while they are playing out the yoga. She neglected to carry out her responsibility. Presently the offended party can request the harm since she has harm. It is an instance of carelessness where obligation of care[3], break of the obligation, harms and remedieslaw can be applied. Though, when litigant referenced ever understudy to wear the stuns while they playing out the yoga, the offended party must adhere to the best possible guidance. Here, the litigant can resistance himself by utilizing thelaw of contributory carelessness according to the situation of the case[4]. Carelessness is the piece of tortlaw where the individual is neglecting to give the correct sensible consideration to abstain from making injury or misfortune other individual. At the point when offended party sue respondent for carelessness, the individual in question must fulfill the realities of negligence[5]. Those are: There must be a condition of obligation of care from the litigant. At the point when offended party sues the respondent, she should demonstrate the carelessness conduct of the litigant where the person in question neglected to give the best possible obligation of care. For the carelessness, the offended party has languished any harms or injury over the carelessness by the litigant. The offended party must demonstrate the realities that the harm was caused for penetrate the obligation of care by the litigant. Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 is one of the well known instance of carelessness where the offended party sued the respondent for break the obligation of care. For this situation, the litigant neglected to offer appropriate support to the offended party and penetrate the obligations of care. Offended party requested a jug of bear in the café while she drinking the brew, she found a dead snail in the jug and get intellectually stun and become sick. That second she chooses to make a move against the producer of the brew. The court expressed that the individual who is in a connection whom can be considered as a neighbor by expressing that an individual who can be straightforwardly or firmly influenced by the demonstration of the individual and the individual could sensibly anticipate that his demonstrations could hurt the other. In this manner, it is defended to offer pay to the offended party for the harms. The litigant may not relate with the assembling the brew however he have obligation s as a specialist co-op to the client where he neglected to offer the assistance and break the obligation of care. He is at risk for the negligence[6]. The litigant direct a yoga class in Melany School of Arts Building and offended party is one understudy of her from the yoga class. For directing the yoga class Charlene need an extensive room so she take two class for every week and every one of the class comprise of 25 understudies. The floor of the lobby room was so drowsy consequently, she furnish imported socks with undulated elastic sole to each understudy which keep them from slip at the hour of yoga. Skye who is the offended party for this situation consistently accomplish the yoga class. Charlene drops one of the yoga class and for substitution of that class she offered for an additional class to the understudies. As lobby room has absence of room, the room was packed. Skye showed up later than expected in the yoga class since she hosted to accomplish a get-together and drink three glass of wine. At the point when she showed up the lobby room, she discovered little spot adjacent to the table for her and choose not to wear the socks according to the guidance of the respondent in this manner she slipped and copied her skin with hot tea and hot towel. Here according to the circumstance, however the respondent penetrate her obligation of care since it is her obligation to take care of to each understudy while they are performing yoga. The offended party who is obligated for her own physical issue since when the litigant educates everybody to wear the stuns, she overlooked the guidance. She overlooked the guidelines and slipped because of the dangerous floor. According to thelaw of carelessness, the offended party is likewise subject for her wounds in yoga class. Here, the respondent can utilize the resistance of contributory carelessness where it is incorporate that when the offended party and the litigant both are at risk for the carelessness and the harms can be arrange. In the instances of Revill v Newbery[1996][7] and Nettleship v Weston[1971][8] the contributory carelessness was build up effectively. The Pitts v Hunt [1990] is another situation where the offended party was at risk for 100% mischief towards to him. Here, the risk emerges when the miscreant is balanced dependent on the level of contributory carelessness made by the offended party. It is additionally significant that when offended party is obligated for 30% of harm towards to him then the litigant need to pay the rest 70% of remuneration for the harms that has been apportioned to the offended party. Court possibly permits the cures when they found that the litigant is at risk for any harms. English Transport Commission v Gourley [1956][9] is where court provide request that the offended party ought not give any harms from the litigant in light of the fact that the measure of the remuneration was more than he endure the misfortune. At the point when a harm happened by carelessness by any individual at that point cures can be guaranteed. The courts for the most part give the pay of financial according to the law of tort. Tankship (UK) v Morts Dock and Engineering Co (The Wagon Mound) (1961) is another instance of carelessness where penetrate of the obligation of care[10] happened in this manner the offended party guarantee the cures from the defendant[11]. According to the contextual analysis, it is discovered that the respondent had break her obligation of care to her understudy. At the point when she has information that the lobby room space was insufficient for 45 understudies for yoga, she organizes the class. She give hot home grown tea and hot towel during the yoga meeting in this manner when she keep those things in the table she may realize it will may reason for any harm if those fall into somebodys skin. At the point when she masterminds the class, she likewise need to care for the understudies that they are having legitimate space for yoga. Anyway she neglects to do that and for this situation the offended party similarly subject for the carelessness since when the yoga teacher offer guidance to wear the stuns, she doesn't adhere to the guidance. Along these lines, for the carelessness she is similarly at risk. At the point when she goes to the class, she was flushed moreover. In any case, according to the situation, she sli ps on account of not wearing the socks. She is likewise subject for her own injury[12]. Agreeing the protections of the carelessness the litigant can barrier utilizing the contributory carelessness. The offended party is likewise in part obligated for the negligence[13]. the respondent is at risk for the penetrate of the obligation of the consideration when she is in her obligation and neglected to offer appropriate assistance to the plaintiff[14]. The solutions for the carelessness can arrange and the offended party is obligated for the 30% of harms and the respondent will give 70% pay for the damages[15]. According to the contextual analysis, it very well may be presumed that the carelessness was happened for both the offended party and the litigant. The respondent has fulfilled all the terms of carelessness subsequently he is at risk for the harm though, the offended party is likewise subject for contributory carelessness for this situation. Along these lines, the solutions for the carelessness would give according to the principals of the contributory negligence[16]. References Abraham, Kenneth.The structures and elements of tort law. West Academic, 2017. English Transport Commission v Gourley [1956] AC 185 Cusimano, Gregory S., and Michael L. Roberts. Contributory Negligence and Assumption of Risk.Alabama Tort Law1 (2016). Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562 Gifford, Donald G., and Christopher J. Robinette. Distributing obligation in Maryland tort cases: Time to end contributory carelessness and joint and a few risk. (2014). Goudkamp, James, and Donal Nolan. Contributory Negligence in Practice. (2016). Goudkamp, James, and Donal Nolan. Contributory carelessness on bid. (2017). Gregory, William A. The Fiduciary Duty of Care: A Perversion of Words.Akron Law Review38.1 (2015): 6. Kilner, Tim. When Discharging a Patient at Scene Can Lead to a Claim of Clinical Negligence. (2014). Duty, Neil M., Michael M. Brilliant, and Leonard Sacks.Comparative Negligence, Assumption of the Risk, and Related Defenses. Vol. 1. California Torts, 2016. Nettleship v Weston[1971] 3 WLR 370 Pitts v Hunt [1990] 3 All ER 344 Revill v Newbery[1996] 2 WLR 239 Rhee, Robert J. The Tort Foundation of Duty of Care and Business Judgment. (2013). Tankship (UK) v Morts Dock and Engineering Co (The Wagon Mound) (1961)

Critically Examine The Explanation Of How We Read A Piece Of Written

Critically Examine The Explanation Of How We Read A Piece Of Written Critically Examine The Explanation Of How We Read A Piece Of Written Material â€" Essay Example > A Critical Examination: The Visual Cognitive Process AbstractThe paper is an investigation in the human visual process of reading. It initially finds that there are two parallel sets of processes involved in this â€" the distal processes that are indirectly involved and the proximal processes that are directly involved. Distal processes may be verbal skills and retrieval from long-term memory (Kirby, J.R. , 1999). Proximal processes may be - orthography (this is the graphic dimension of the letters in the text which may collectively be recognizable as words; common grammatical signs such as punctuation marks etc. are also taken in by this initial task; orthography is the first task that is performed in visual reading); phonology (this is the sound element of words and pseudowords that allows the reader to associate them with their semantics and other properties; it is noted here that humans usually learn language through the spoken means and phonology allows them to more easily as sociate with other properties); syntactics (each language prescribes a particular order in which it may be spoken or written in a grammatical sense and this is syntactics; the reader has to decode the syntactics to move forward to the next reading tasks â€" lexicology and semantics); lexicology (this is the signified meaning of the words as they are posited in the text and is construed as per the previously realized tasks); semantics (this is the signified associated implications and inferences that can be drawn on the words and sentences taken in conjunction or in singularity and this task assists primarily in comprehension) and thematic processing (this is the task that allows individual components of a text to be aligned to others so that a comprehensive meaningful overview of the text is available to the reader) (McCallum, R.D. , 2006). The paper also finds hat these processes, in visual reading are deployed in two manner of approaches â€" the bottom-up approach adopted by less -skilled readers who use the orthography of the textual components to proceed further into visual processing for understanding and storing textual meaning and the top-down approach employed by skilled readers who can almost instantaneously interpret orthography of certain textual components into comprehension (Healey, C.G. , 2006). The paper also finds that preattentive reading skills assist the reader in focusing on textual components while post-attentive ones allow him or her to enable further comprehension and memorial retention (Healey, C.G. , 2006). The paper has eschewed lengthy discussion on relevant process regions in the brain as the evidence to date is too copious to include within its brevity. It has fairly concluded that both the cerebral cortex and, as more recently found, parts of the cerebellum are involved in the processes of visual reading, regions and activation varying with differentiation in presented text and, sometimes, gender of reader. IntroductionReading i s fundamentally a set of processes by which an individual utilizes text to gain meaning, knowledge or experience from it (Henry, D.J. , Undated). It is a process that allows human individuals to access a particular phenomenon, the text being read, in their immediate physical environment. In essence, the individual is utilizing his or her perception, with and without prior knowledge to assist it, to subjectivise, as thoroughly as possible, an objective in the world. All the processes involved in this, the perceptive processes, shall be dealt with here to some detail. These may be available from a number of interrelated disciplines such as â€" cognitive and developmental psychology, educational research and neuroscientific research. Thus, it is noted that both the psychological and physiological aspects of a human individual’s techniques that are employed to read text shall be elucidated. As the title implies, reading is a highly visual process as the main stimulus is the letters o f the text provided from the outside and the eyes, in turn, access the letters of the texts.

Locke’s Qualities vs. Berkeley’s Idealism - 754 Words

Locke’s Qualities vs. Berkeley’s Idealism In the modern period of philosophy, around the 16th and 17th century, after the fall of Rome and the rise of the dark years, three major events had occurred. The first began with the scientific revolution, where many philosophers were becoming scientist, such as the philosopher of science Francis Bacon. The next event was the resurgence of skepticism, where one questions everything until they discover the truth. For instance, the philosopher famous for saying the phrase â€Å"Cogito, ergo sum,† (translated as I think, therefore I am) was the skeptic Rene Descartes, who came up with this quote by doubting everything until there was nothing else to doubt except doubting. The final altering event in the†¦show more content†¦Berkeley describes there is no principle difference between the two qualities, for instance he states that a secondary quality corresponds to primary qualities because secondary qualities are cha racteristics that one cannot imagine an object existing without it, such as one cannot come up with an idea of a colorless shape. Another example that Berkeley points out is how people perceive qualities. Locke explains that secondary qualities are observed differently to different people. Berkeley finds this can be the same for primary qualities, such as two people looking at a triangle from different angles will have different perceptions of the shape. As a result, Berkeley finds that if one thinks secondary qualities exist only in the mind of the observer and one is convinced by his explanation of there being no distinction between the two qualities, then one would also conclude that primary qualities exist only in the mind of the observer. http://a8.8d.344a.static.theplanet.com/great_philosophers/did_berkeley_misunderstand_lockeShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 PagesCritical Reasoning Essay 3: British Empiricism with part icular reference to Locke’s theory of ideas – the basic principles of empiricism and the spirit behind it; Locke’s theory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea

Explanation Of Physician Assisted Suicide - 1262 Words

Physician assisted suicide has been legal in Oregon since November 1997. Over 750 people have taken advantage of this law since it was passed. Many people think there is something wrong with such this and it should be outlawed. I will argue that there is no moral basis for the outlaw of such a practice. Explanation of physician assisted suicide Physician assisted suicide occurs when an ill patient consults a doctor and decides that they would like to end their life. Typically, the patient is prescribed a medicine that, when taken, will cause death rather quickly. Terminally ill patients favor this because it offers an end that would be less painful for them or their families. Rather than die in a hospital attached to tubes and machines,†¦show more content†¦A person who is dying of a terminal illness is faced with only one certainty; they will die from this disease. A doctor can say roughly the amount of time that a patient has, but they exact date and level of pain is hard to determine. Many may look to a physician for the answer on if they should/shouldn’t choose PAS, however, the only role a physician plays is giving the medical diagnosis and working with the patient to get what the patient feels is the best option. Therefore, the decision the patient makes doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t make the physician a moral guide, but rather a person doing their job. The last big decision people who are terminally ill have is when/how to die and it has to be their own and it has to be respected. Argument against Physician Assisted Suicide When a person commits suicide claiming their right to autonomy as a defense for such an action, they are giving up that very right. Leon Kass would describe this as a tragedy. If person is fighting for something with all their might, such as their right to be free, but then they allow that thing to be taken away to show they have the freedom to choose, they have undermined their whole argument. Using just autonomy as a basis for physician-assisted suicide is simply a contradiction. When a patient decides to end their life, but not by their own hands, they are telling a physician that they have

HIV Treatments and Reducing Drug Resistance Essay

HIV Treatments and Reducing Drug Resistance Abstract HIV is a retrovirus that will constantly attack human’s immune system once an individual is infected and will eventually develop to AIDS, often a deadly sexually transmitted disease. Currently, there are different kinds of antiretroviral treatments available for patients who are tested to be HIV positive as well as patients with AIDS. HIV can easily develop resistance to its treatment through mutation each generation, which leads to ineffectiveness in treatment. The only way to continue to fight off HIV is to change treatment that is still available. Patients have to cooperate with experienced doctors by adhering to their professional recommendations, while doctors are responsible†¦show more content†¦However, as HIV attack the immune system over time, AIDS will eventually develop. No one has ever died from HIV infection, however, a person can die anytime when AIDS has developed in the body. When a person has AIDS, the immune system no longer has the ability to fight against minor infections such as bacteria, fungi or viruses that are usually not disease-causing. AIDS patients can get very HIV Treatments Reducing Resistance sick from these infections, known as opportunistic infections since their T-cells are almost eliminated in the immune system due to constant HIV attack (AIDS.org, 2004). The main goals of HIV and AIDS treatments are to slow down the rate of HIV from attacking the T-cells in the immune system and to help the immune system to restore the ability to fight against infection (AIDS.org, 2005). From the perspective of the medical profession, HIV/AIDS specialized and experienced doctors have to be predominantly attentive on the HIV patients’ health conditions and their test results in order to correctly recommend when the patients should change their treatments to continue fighting against HIV or AIDS. 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Basic Problems of Demand and Supply

Question: Discuss about the Basic Problems of Demand and Supply. Answer: Introduction: Economics deals with the basic problems of demand and supply. Any country has always been concerned with the total production and the consumption of the economy and the way in which minute changes in the economy has a huge impact on the total demand and supply system (Rios, McConnell and Brue 2013). This report deals with business economics and market research of the firms. There are several factors that a company takes into consideration while deciding upon the firms demand, supply, elasticity and effect of external shock and governments policy on supply-demand chain of the economy (Mankiw 2016). This report consists of three parts that needs to be analyzed. The first part deals with Ex Hoon Pty Ltd Company. The second part deals with Fords close down of two centers and the third part highlights the effect of government action in the auto mobile industry in Australia. Ex Hoon Pty Ltd is the company dealing with the production of parts of automobiles. Recently it has got a patent in a high tech system that is expected to create a radical impact in the automation industry. This implies that using this new technology ensures a car to give better performance (Rios, McConnell and Brue 2013). Under this condition the economic impact of the firm has been highlighted below: Factors influencing Market Demand: Cost: It is the most imperative factor. If implementing the new technology results in havoc escalation of production cost of cars, then the producers will be reluctant in using the parts of Ex Hoon Pty Ltd. Financing option: The demand is always generated from buyers side. If the buyers get an easy loan, then it may induce them to buy a current model of car that uses the advanced technology, thereby increasing the demand of the product of the given company (Mankiw 2016). Advertisement and Marketing: People should be motivated by making them aware of the safety that the new technology can provide and henceforth generate the demand from peoples side only. Factors influencing Market Supply: Financing option: Easy access to loan with low interest rate will help the foresaid company to invest on their production thereby increasing the supply (Canto, Joines and Laffer 2014). Alternatives available: The supply of Ex Hoon Pty Ltd is also influenced by the available alternatives in the market. The greater the number manufacturer, the lesser the scope of unhindered supply in the market (Commission 2014). End market: The supply of the company also depends on the end market that is the automobile industry in this case. A downfall in the automobile industry will force the producer to constrict the supply of the parts. Concept of Elasticity: Price elasticity shows sensitive response of the demand due to a variation in the price. Car is a luxurious good and its demand increases in greater proportion with respect to the increase in price. In the short run due to unavailability of equivalent alternatives at cheaper rate, the production of the new technology is expected to increase as a result of inelastic demand (Canto, Joines and Laffer 2014). In long run, there can be several impacts on the production depending on the available alternatives, changes in price of raw materials and other changes and this leads to the demand to become elastic in nature. Ford announces to close the plants at Geelong and Broadmeadows. Ex Hoon Pty Ltd has been the major supplier of raw materials to Ford (Hawthorne 2015).The diagram below tries to highlight the effect of the shut-down of Ford on the Ex Hoon Pty Ltd. Comparative-Static Analysis: This analysis highlights the existing scenario of an economy and the changes that occurs after any economic distortion. Here, the closure of the Fords outlet is the economic distortion which has been analyzed to understand the impact on Ex Hoons production level (Brown 2015). Initial demand and supply has been shown by the line D1 and S1 and its intersection gave the equilibrium outcome. Equilibrium output was Q1 and price was P1. Ex-Post Fords closure: The demand for goods of Ex Hoon Pty Ltd decreased as shown by the backward shift of the curve to D2. At the immediate level the supply cannot change (Reugg and Marshall 2013). After sometime, the supply decreases too, shown by the upward shift of the curve to S2. The new equilibrium price is P2 and the quantity available in the market is Q2. Here it can be seen that price of the automobile parts will increase and the supply will get reduce as an effect of closure of the Ford at two different places. This section tries to highlight the effect that may occur if the government imposes strict policies. If the government puts a baseline for safety measures that the companies needs to follow, then the effect of such policy on the market of products of Ex Hoon Pty Ltd has been discussed below with the diagram: As government has announced that the automobile industry should adopt high quality safety measures, there has been some impact of this announcement. The company with the expectation of having increase in their products demand starts producing more goods. As a result the supply curve S1 expands outward to S2. As the Ford has already produced the cars for this period hence there is no change in the demand for automobile parts in the immediate scenario (Davison 2013). The scenario is expected to change in the next period. Hence, it can be seen from the graph that price decreases to P2 and quantity supplied increases to Q2. Conclusion: The effects of demand and supply of the parts of automobiles as a result of change in the supply of automobile cars has been highlighted here. Also the impact of government intervention to influence and ensure high level of safety measures has been discussed in the simplest way (Davison 2013).. However the whole report has been constructed with the concept of ceteris parebus. In reality existence of ceteris parebus is a Eutopian situation and hence the impacts are far more complicated are beyond the purview of this report. References: Rios, M.C., McConnell, C.R. and Brue, S.L., 2013.Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Mankiw, N.G., 2016. Economics-Microeconomics-Principles of Microeconomics. Hawthorne, J. (2015). Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-car-industry-one-year-from-closing-its-doors-20151012-gk7ip0.html [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Productivity Commission, 2014. Australias automotive manufacturing industry. Canto, V.A., Joines, D.H. and Laffer, A.B., 2014.Foundations of supply-side economics: Theory and evidence. Academic Press. Brown, R., 2015. Reviewing the effectiveness of electronic vehicle immobilisation: evidence from four countries.Security Journal,28(4), pp.329-351. Ruegg, R. and Marshall, H., 2013.Building economics: theory and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Davison, R. (2013). Why Ford's exit spells end for manufacturing in Australia. [online] Mackay Daily Mercury. Available at: https://www.dailymercury.com.au/news/why-fords-exit-spells-end-manufacturing-australia/1881073/#/0 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016].

Stephen King Unwitting Screenwriter Essays - Fiction, Filmmaking

Stephen King: Unwitting Screenwriter Place Title Here Movies are becoming more and more popular with new special effects and stories that are intriguing and gripping. Movies now have lasting effects on viewers, since the stories are becoming more involved and more in depth. Screenwriters are constantly trying to create better screenplays to have made into motion pictures, yet there are thousands, if not millions, of screenwriters out there trying to earn a wage. The Writers Guild of America reports that in one year an average of 40,000 screenplays will be submitted and out of those only 120 will be made into motion pictures. (Field 5) Stephen King, who has no affiliation to being a screenwriter, has written numerous novels that almost everyone knows without them having ever read one word. Stephen King has a way of writing that appeals to both readers and film lovers. King who is an author of books has beaten out millions of screenwriters in the movie business. What is funny is that King himself does not expect a movie adaptation when he writes his stories. Stephen Kings writing style is the main reason why Kings novels are almost always found on the big screen. King purposely uses images in his novels that tell stories themselves. These images help enhance the story as the reader reads Kings work. These images are ones made by the reader and are limited to just the images we see on screen. Of course some of the better King movies do have wonderful imagery that can be associated with the same image the reader would have made in his mind. One popular movie that was based on Kings work is Stand by Me, which has terrific examples of this imagery. Stand by Me is based on Kings novella The Body which can be found in Different Seasons. The Body is a coming of age story about a boy named Gordie Lachance. Gordie is faced with the death of his brother, but is confused about his feelings. He knows he should be mourning for him, but he does not seem to have any remorseful feelings towards his brother. The story is about Gordie and 3 of his close friends on a journey through the woods to find a dead body. Throughout their journey they face all types of obstacles and go through a series of ups and downs. In the end they find the body and face a climatic altercation with the neighborhood gang. The four boys end up scaring the gang away and go home without ever telling anyone about their journey. The theme to the story is about losing ones innocence, the transformation from being a child into being an adult. The film portrayed the theme very well and viewers did not lose much if they have never read the actually novella. When a book transfers over to a film much of the content is usually lost. It is a very tough feat to keep everything that was in the book in tact and still portray the same effect. When a reader reads a novel, they take their time and they get involved with the characters and learn about them. When a viewer watches a movie, the director needs to pump out as much information as he can in two hours and still stay within the parameters of the book. What happens most of the time due to budget or time constraint is not everything from the book is transferred over to the film, which causes gaps in the story. Also, directors need to find actors that can portray the feelings of the character and at the same time complete the look of the character. Sometimes one thing is sacrificed for another and the character is not as magnificent on screen as they were in the book. The fact that the book loses a lot of content prevents many directors from trying to adapt books into film, but there are dire ctors that try. When writing a story and writing a screenplay the two are very much alike but at the same time very different. A screenplay is basically a movie on paper. Everything that happens on the screen would be put into words, from camera

4 Questions That Will Make You Rage Quit

4 Questions That Will Make You Rage Quit You’ve had it. You can’t face another day at that office with those people. Maybe it’s not as clear-cut as wanting to strangle your boss or disagreeing with your company’s mission. Maybe you just feel bored,  or stressed, or  unhappy (or all 3!) without really pinpointing why.   Here are four questions  you should ask yourself when deciding if it’s time to cut bait and look for a new job.1. Is my work appreciated?What do you mean I need to work harder, I just missed Christmas Eve with my family to work on that report!Morale drops when employees feel like their work is not appreciated by the powers-that-be. A recent Gallup study of employee engagement (defined as feeling invested in your  job) showed that in 2014, less than one-third of people polled said they were â€Å"engaged† in their regular job. That’s up slightly from years past, but still- that’s an awful lot of people who don’t feel appreciated and motiv ated in their current roles.Many companies are trying to stem this by offering special employee appreciation events or give  bonuses/rewards for excellent work. However, if your boss doesn’t seem to notice or care that you’re working like crazy to support the company’s bottom line, take your skills and experience where they’ll be valued.2. What the heck am I doing here?I’d rather be doing literally anything else–even fighting bears.Purpose is a key motivator of workplace happiness and productivity. If you know your company’s goals and your role in moving those forward, chances are you’ll feel a focused connection to your day-to-day work. However, when those   goals get vague, it can be easy to get caught in a feedback loop of coasting.If you find yourself checking Instagram more than your work email, the culprit could be a lack of direction. The first step should be working with your manager to define priorities and goals- but if you do this and you still feel like most of your day is spent drifting through time-filler tasks and pointless meetings, it might just be time to move on.3. Am I Stuck in the Middle of Nowhere?I have no idea what I’m doing.It can be so demoralizing to realize you don’t have the tools and resources available to do a great job. Maybe your company is in a financial crunch and can’t hire new people. Perhaps your manager just doesn’t have the time or desire  to explain what needs to be done.I’ve worked in places where everyone is so caught up  in their own endless to-do lists that no one has the time to sit down and effectively plan, execute, and support a project that needed to be finished†¦ a week ago. Chances are, it’s not your fault- but it can feel like it’s on you to fix.Once you’re in a defensive crouch and feeling overwhelmed, it can be really difficult to a) evaluate the situation objectively, and b) ask for the resources you need. If you reach that point and you don’t see your workplace offering any solutions beyond a shrug and a â€Å"get it done,† then it’s definitely time to re-evaluate your future there.4. Is it all about the Benjamins?Not sure if I’m here because the money is good or if I’m here because some money is better than nothing.You’ve probably thought, â€Å"They don’t pay me enough to do this† during one frustrating moment or another. Or maybe you envy people skipping out to enjoy expensive lunches while you eat a PBJ at your desk. It’s always going to be tempting to go find a job that will pay you more than you make now, but it’s also a legitimate reason to be dissatisfied- and ultimately move on to another job.Let’s face it: a fairy godmother is not likely to pop into your life and offer you double your salary for the same job; but if you start to feel like you really are being undervalued in pay and/or benefits, then start looking around.  Ask yourself: What salary do people in roles similar to yours make in other companies? Have you made contributions to your team or company that might merit a raise, but have gone unrewarded? If you have reasonable pay expectations and your manager or company is unable (or unwilling) to accommodate that, then you should start thinking about your options.If you identify with any of these (or, goodness forbid, all), then it’s probably time to start putting out feelers in your network, and brushing up that resume. You deserve better!On mobile? Sign in here to view your job matches.

Abandoned vehicle problem evidences Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abandoned vehicle problem evidences - Assignment Example An abandoned vehicle can be plainly defined as a vehicle gone unattended, left parked with no information about the owner and further parked within an area of 10 feet or more or less the same, for a time period of 48 hours and in the publicly used or mostly in the privately owned area for around 30 days, without the permission or consent of the zone owner (Alaska Department of Administration, 2011). Some of the most common reasons of the car abandoning are as follows: Most of the cars abandoned in Jeddah are by the expats who do not find enough time to dispose of their cars and travel back to their native lands without going through the hassle of disposing off their vehicles. Some abandoned vehicles, that as in fulfill the above definition of vehicle abandoning i.e., stay parked at airports or other areas for a period of 30 days are actually left or parked by expats until their return from vacations from their native lands. Majority of these cars are old and derelict for a safe daily based use and parked as useless by the owner after they have removed all the proves of their ownership. Another big part of these abandoned cars come from both the local residents and expats who flee away from holding any accountability to the money owed for the cars, most of which comprise of luxurious sports cars. Some abandoned cars are highly under car loan defaults and the owners look for sneak away by parking the cars as unrecognized. Because of the above reasons and further many not identified properly, the car abandoning has turned into one of the biggest reportable issues of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, specifically in Birman and Jeddah. According to reports, Law enforcement officers have been into devastating nightmares dealing with the abandoned vehicles that have apparently been aggressively multiplying over the time. The major threats and environmental nuisance these abandoned vehicles are posing is rising alarmingly. They are taking up unwanted space and creating a se nse of insecurity amongst the normal residents as the long parked cars give a secure pathway for crimes (Historic Vehicle, 2012). Another big issue related to the vehicle abandoning is that they, if seen from a financial perspective are a big block towards making the cash liquid. Liquid cash is very important for the refining and uplifting of economic standards and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is amongst the strongest Arab economies. Their strength is most looked after for the viable working of the Arab and most importantly the economy of all the Muslim countries. A block of average 7200 vehicles per month is a bid hindrance to the smooth working of their economic system. The reinforcement authorities have actively involved Department of Specialized Hygiene of the Waste Department of Municipality to draft out feasible and practical strategies to work over the abandoned vehicles. Now, these abandoned cars are left at wait for the owner’s contact for maximum six months. During t his time, efforts are made to trace the owner and the vehicle is also printed in newspaper for any whereabouts of the owner. If the owner gets traced, he is levied with a penalty and warned to dispose of the vehicle officially or otherwise keep the vehicle and clear off the claims that the vehicle holds. Regular checks are made about the outstanding vehicle schedules that had prompted the owner to attempt silent abandoning (Seatlle, 2013). If the owner is found to have

Second Language Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Second Language Acquisition - Essay Example This means that linguistic studies are extremely important as they investigate the matters are able to contribute to a better understanding of the human civilization. This paper will examine the differences between two notions: communicative competence on the one hand and linguistic competence on the other. Since the key to perceiving the differences between the above mentioned notions partially lies in the process of language acquisition, the paper will utilize three perspectives that were developed with regard to Second Language Acquisition, namely linguistic, psychological and social one in other to make the analysis objective as well as detailed. Each of the above mentioned perspectives will be analyzed in great detail and various frameworks within it will be used, such as Transformational-Generative Grammar and Universal Grammar, Functionalism and Neurolinguistics, Information Processing and Connectionism, individual differences of learners will also be utilized, together with m icrosocial and macrosial foci of the social perspective. To begin with, it would be particularly important to provide definitions of each of the concept so that the differences between then might become visible based on some fundamental aspect. Thus, it is suggested that communicative competence might be defined as â€Å"what a speaker needs to know to communicate appropriately within a particular language community† (Saville-Troike 2006, p. 100). As one can easily see, there are several key words in this definition. First of all, it includes a certain amount of skills and knowledge that is essential for acquiring communicative competence. Secondly, there is a word that defines the essential element of this notion – â€Å"appropriately†. In other words, a person might possess the above mentioned skills and knowledge, but their amount may not be sufficient in order to contribute to

Learning Teaching And Assessing

Learning Teaching And Assessing The author will discuss issues relating to assessment in the clinical area including areas for development and improvement. The assessment under consideration is A Safeguarding Children Induction Handbook (Nottinghamshire Community Health 2009). This is a competency based induction framework and is designed to be undertaken by all new staff who will have regular contact with children and families (appendix 3). It is the responsibility of managers to ensure that staff will have the opportunity to achieve and maintain the competencies. The Primary Care Trust (PCT ) intends that use of this framework will meet statutory requirements to safeguard children (Nottinghamshire Community Health 2009). . Practice teachers were directed to facilitate this programme for Specialist community public health nursing (SCPHN) students. Assessment is the means by which learners are graded, failed or passed fit for practice (Quinn and Hughes 2007). Assessment in practice provides the grounding to ascertain if a learner is ready to move on or can demonstrate competence. This is needed in order to protect the public. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) directs that SCPHN courses are balanced with 50% of learning in practice. Practice teachers are responsible for assessing students in public health practice. The portfolio is used to show evidence of achievement in practice. NMC (2008) advises portfolios are a method of evaluation suitable to collect information about a students competence to practice. Portfolios can demonstrate learning, by experience, reflection, personal and professional development and the students must cross reference all work to demonstrate achievement of NMC Standards of proficiency for SCPH nurses. Portfolio marking can be subjective and experience suggests students are not always clear what is n eeded to compile them. Calman et al (2002) suggested clinical assessment has relied on one practitioner observing and reporting on another which runs the risk of bias. As a student practice teacher the author has found this trying. There have been difficulties in achieving supervision due to a demanding caseload. A practice teacher mentor located at some distance has added to the challenge. The student and student practice teacher have benefited from time with university tutorial staff. In order to maintain good assessment processes careful allocation of mentors would be beneficial in future. Price (2007) and Gopee et al (2004) suggest that heavy workload of mentors and practice teachers may hinder learning; however teaching frameworks such as this one can help. Price (2007) suggests that knowing and being able to demonstrate knowledge are not enough to define fitness for practice. Practitioners should be assessed on consistency of accomplishments. Thus placements which take place o ver a long period are well set to meet those needs .The SCPHN student takes place over one academic year with a one to one practice teacher and student relationship. The author as a new practice teacher has found this very rewarding but also a fine balance between meeting the demands of student, clients and her own studies. Duffy (2004) in a report concerning mentors failing to fail students made recommendations. In order to identify any weaknesses in clinical practice mentors should work closely and habitually with students in order to make precise and honest assessments. As a trainee practice teacher the author has felt poorly prepared for assessment of students and though previous mentorship experience has proved useful it was very different. Closer work with a practice teacher mentor would be beneficial and the author has taken steps to address this. Peer support has proved invaluable and shared experience has been a reassuring factor. It is envisaged that the safeguarding induction programme will be part of portfolio evidence for student and practice teacher (appendix 3). It is the responsibility of the managers to evaluate which level of competency should be achieved. A problem based learning approach was considered to provide formative assessment. The NMC (2006) acknowledges that while the practice teacher will make summative assessments there is value in other mentors being involved in formative assessment. In practice other mentors have not been available due to staff sickness. Ousey (2003) found that problem based methods may promote learning as students felt involved and learn knowledge in context. Unfortunately the group identified to take part in this were not able to commit to regular meetings .Student anxiety about working with an unknown group was also a factor. The practice teacher was able to reassure the student that formative assessment was to provide the student with information about progress and tailor teaching to her needs (Quinn and Hughes 2007). Issues of equity and diversity were addressed as the course was tailored to meet an individuals needs. It seemed realistic to assume that the SCPHN student should achieve level 4 competencies, (can teach others) by the end of her course. When participating in an information evening and later first level interviews for potential CCPHN students the clear message was that the PCT intends that nurses with this level of qualification will be team leaders (Nottinghamshire Community Health 2008). Problem based learning can be a very supportive process and has the value of shared expertise (Price 1999). With future students and new starters better preparation should make this possible The safeguarding handbook does not make clear if there is a time limit set to achieve outcomes however they are based on recommendations from a national intercollegiate report (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 2006). Competency based assessment such as these rely on the assessor having the skills and knowledge to effectively monitor learning. The competency framework in question was delegated to new practice teachers with little preparatory training and this has resulted in needing to seek guidance form safeguarding nurses. This could have been avoided with better preparation. Use of the safeguarding induction handbook has proved useful tool to direct specific learning. This however was fixed by the needs of the PCT in order to meet national safeguarding directives. Its content is clearly and carefully designed but like all competency based assessment it relies on the assessors objectivity. It is described as an induction framework which implies it is for new starters only. This is confused by guidance notes which imply it is to be used to maintain staff competence. There are no clear timescales for achievement, that and the level to be achieved relies on individual managers. This may cause problems with equity of competence. Evaluation suggests this is a work in progress .The author recommends that new practice teachers and managers should have further training and feed back should be given to the development group for the annual review.

Violence in The Crusades :: essays research papers

The Crusades were a bloody time period. They were a military campaign by the pope and the Roman Catholic Church to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. They lasted from the 11th- 13th century. They were catastrophic and left Europe in ruins. Although the Crusades were such a violent period of time, they had a positive impact in history because of their role in the renaissance and exposing the Western world to the Eastern. The Crusades were an outlet for the intense religious tension between the Muslims and the church which rose up in the late 11th century. This all started because the church and the Catholics wanted the Holy Lands back from the Muslims. Around this time the church was the biggest institute and people were god-fearing. Pope Gregory VII wanted to control more lands and wanted to get back the lands that they had lost to the Muslims (Medieval Europe). So in order to get back these lands he launched The Crusades which he insisted to the peasants was a holy war instead. A major part of the fighters in the crusades were untrained and unqualified peasants who went out to get back the holy lands for the church from the ?evil Muslims? (Medieval Europe 164-167). This was called the Peasants Crusade. In order to get these peasants, who knew no better, to go and fight the church told them that if they were to go and fight these ?horrible Muslims? then they would automatically get admission into heaven. Of course this automatically appealed to the peasants being that they were so god-fearing. They thought that if they helped the church then they would go to heaven and so they jumped at such an opportunity to get a get-into-heaven-free card. These people in all their religious glory went in and attacked the city of Nicaea (TWW, 104), and got killed. The city of Nicaea was a well fortified city controlled by Seljuk Turks. The peasants went in and attacked and literally got slaughtered. Only 2000 peasants survived their hasty attack. Unfortunately mo st of the crusades went this way(TWW) The goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Lands in the name of the church and drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem. Violence in The Crusades :: essays research papers The Crusades were a bloody time period. They were a military campaign by the pope and the Roman Catholic Church to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. They lasted from the 11th- 13th century. They were catastrophic and left Europe in ruins. Although the Crusades were such a violent period of time, they had a positive impact in history because of their role in the renaissance and exposing the Western world to the Eastern. The Crusades were an outlet for the intense religious tension between the Muslims and the church which rose up in the late 11th century. This all started because the church and the Catholics wanted the Holy Lands back from the Muslims. Around this time the church was the biggest institute and people were god-fearing. Pope Gregory VII wanted to control more lands and wanted to get back the lands that they had lost to the Muslims (Medieval Europe). So in order to get back these lands he launched The Crusades which he insisted to the peasants was a holy war instead. A major part of the fighters in the crusades were untrained and unqualified peasants who went out to get back the holy lands for the church from the ?evil Muslims? (Medieval Europe 164-167). This was called the Peasants Crusade. In order to get these peasants, who knew no better, to go and fight the church told them that if they were to go and fight these ?horrible Muslims? then they would automatically get admission into heaven. Of course this automatically appealed to the peasants being that they were so god-fearing. They thought that if they helped the church then they would go to heaven and so they jumped at such an opportunity to get a get-into-heaven-free card. These people in all their religious glory went in and attacked the city of Nicaea (TWW, 104), and got killed. The city of Nicaea was a well fortified city controlled by Seljuk Turks. The peasants went in and attacked and literally got slaughtered. Only 2000 peasants survived their hasty attack. Unfortunately mo st of the crusades went this way(TWW) The goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Lands in the name of the church and drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem.

Primary Sourse

Erin Gaudette AP Prep History Block 2 Primary Sources ‘Governor Berkeley Reports,’ American Spirit, pages 33-34 (#A2) LAST QUESTION & ANSWER ONLY (#23) ‘A Contract for Indentured Service,’ American Spirit, pages 62-63 (#A1) ‘A Servant Girl Pays the Wages of Sin,’ American Spirit, page 69 (#A4) In the late 1600s Virginia was governed by Sir William Berkeley. In 1671, London asked Berkeley a series of questions including a question about the teachings of Christianity.He responded by saying, â€Å"our ministers are well paid, and by my consent should be better if they would pray more often and preach less. † Governor Berkeley also believed that children ought to be taught religion by their parents. He said, â€Å"But, I thank God, there are neither free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have these hundred years. For learning has brought disobedience, and heresy. † I don’t agree with what Governor Berkeley believed. He contradicted his own beliefs. He talked about how he was against new ways of thinking or new ideas.He wanted everyone to believe in the Christian religion. If Berkeley wanted everyone to stay with traditional ideas, why would he have wanted individual families to teach religion? Wouldn’t it be less likely to create free thinkers if one minister taught the children the religion instead of individual families? Berkeley wants to prevent any form of heresy, yet he is provoking it. Indentured servants were often lower class people in England who would work for a number of years and would then be set free.In return for their work they would be given free passage to America by their owner. In 1635 a list of requirements were written for the servant and owner to follow. The form included orders for the owner to provide the servant with food, drink, clothing, shelter, free passage to the new world, and after their years of work are over to provide them with corn for a year and 0 ac res of land, In my opinion, I think this contract is pretty fair. The contract makes the indentured servants seem like employees for a job. The indentured servants aren’t being forced to work; they are making the ecision to. Also, in return for their work they’re being repaid by their owners. The contract seems to give both parties a reasonable payment which makes the contract fair. Although I agree with the methods and payments of indentured servants, I don’t agree with the punishments some servants received. I do think some of the servants behaviors should be looked down upon, but I also think the punishment they faced was a bit harsh. Charles City County Court in Virginia has a record that shows how harsh the punishments got.Elizabeth Hatcher owned servant Anne Parke. When Anne Parke had a child her years of work were doubled. Every indentured servant and their owner had a contract for the amount of years they worked. Therefore, when Anne Parke’s contr act was doubled, it was violating her rights. I personally think the system created for indentured servants was fair, but since the agreement was not always followed it wasn’t carried out equally. The system could have been successful if both the owners and servants had followed it properly.

Explain the epidemiology of Alcoholism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2466 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction According to Alcohol Concern Organisation (2015) more than 9 million people in England consume alcoholic beverages more than the recommended daily limits. In relation to this, the National Health Service (2015) actually recommends no more than 3 to 4 units of alcohol a day for men and 2 to 3 units a day for women. The large number of people consuming alcohol more than the recommended limits, highlights the reality that alcoholism is a major health concern in the UK which can lead to a multitude of serious health problems. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Explain the epidemiology of Alcoholism" essay for you Create order Moss (2013) states that alcoholism and chronic use of alcohol are linked to various medical, psychiatric, social and family problems. To add to this, the Health and Social Care Information Centre (2014) reported that between 2012 and 2013, a total of 1,008,850 admissions related to alcohol consumption where an alcohol-related disease, injury or condition was the primary cause for hospital admission or a secondary diagnosis. This shows the detrimental impact of alcoholism on the health and overall wellbeing of millions of people in the UK. It is therefore vital to examine the aetiology of alcoholism in order to understand why so many people end up consuming excessive alcohol. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) (n.d.) supports this by stating that learning the natural history of a disorder will provide information essential for assessment and intervention and for the development of effective preventive measures. This essay will also look into the different p ublic health policies that address the problem of alcoholism in the UK. A brief description of what alcoholism is will first be provided. What is Alcoholism? It is safe to declare that alcoholism is a lay term that simply means excessive intake of alcohol. It can be divided into two forms namely; alcohol misuse or abuse and alcohol dependence. Alcohol misuse simply means excessive intake of alcohol more than the recommended limits (National Health Service Choices 2013). A good example of this is binge drinking. Alcohol dependence is worse because according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011, n.p.) it indicates craving, tolerance, a preoccupation with alcohol and continued drinking regardless of harmful consequences (e.g. liver disease). Under the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)- 5, these two have been joined as one disorder called alcohol use disorder or AUD with mild, moderate and severe sub-classifications (NIAAA 2015). Genetic Aetiologic Factor of Alcoholism Alcoholism is a complex disorder with several factors leading to its development (NIAAA 2005). Genetics and other biological aspects can be considered as one factor involved in the development of alcohol abuse and dependence (NIAAA 2005). Other factors include cognitive, behavioural, temperament, psychological and sociocultural (NIAAA 2005). According to Goodwin (1985) as far as the era of Aristotle and the Bible, alcoholism was believed to run in the families and thus could be inherited. To some extent, there is some basis that supports this ancient belief because in reality, alcoholic parents have about four to five times higher probability of having alcoholic children (Goodwin 1985). Today, this belief seems to lack substantially clear and direct research-based evidence. On the other hand, studies also do not deny the role of genetics in alcoholism. With this view, it is therefore safe to argue that genetics is considered still as an important aetiologic factor in alcoholism. The current consensus simply indicates that there is more to a simple gene or two that triggers the predisposition of an individual to become an alcoholic. Scutti (2014) reports that although scientists have known for some time that genetics take an active role in alcoholism, they also propose that an individuals inclination to be dependent on alcohol is more complicated than the simple presence or absence of any one gene. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2008) states that there is no one single gene that fully controls a persons predisposition to alcoholism rather multiple genes play different roles in a persons susceptibility in becoming an alcoholic. The NIAAA (2005) further claims that the evidence for a genetic factor in alcoholism lies mainly with studies that involve extended pedigree, those that involve identical and fraternal twins and those that include adopted individuals raised apart from their alcoholic parents. For pedigree studies, it is believed that the risk of suffering from alcoholism is increased four to seven fold among first-degree relatives of an alcoholic (Cotton 1979; Merikangas 1990 cited in NIAAA, 2005.). First degree relatives naturally refer to parent-child relationships; hence, a child is therefore four to seven times at higher risk of becoming an alcoholic, if one or both of their parents are alcoholics. Moss (2013) supports this by stating that children whose parents are alcoholic are at higher risk of becoming alcoholics themselves when compared to children whose parents are non-alcoholics. A study conducted by McGue, Pickens and Svikis (1992 cited in NIAAA 2005) revealed that identical twins generally have a higher concordance rate of alcoholism compared to fraternal twins or non-twin siblings. This basically means that a person who has an alcoholic identical twin, will have a higher risk of becoming an alcoholic himself when compared to if his alcoholic twin is merely a fraternal twin or a non -twin sibling. This study further proves the role of genetics in alcoholism because identical twins are genetically the same; hence, if one is alcoholic, the other must therefore also carry the alcoholic gene. The genetic factor in alcoholism is further bolstered by studies conducted by Cloninger, Bohman and Sigvardsson 1981 cited in NIAAA 2005 and Cadoret, Cain and Grove (1980 cited in NIAAA 2005) involving adopted children wherein the aim was to separate the genetic factor from the environmental factor of alcoholism. In these studies, children of alcoholic parents were adopted and raised away from their alcoholic parents but despite this, some of these children still develop alcoholism as adults at a higher rate than those adopted children who did not have an alcoholic biological parent (Cloninger et al., 1981 cited in NIAAA 2005 and Cadoret et al., 1980 cited in NIAAA 2005). One interesting fact about aetiologic genetic factor is that although there are genes that indeed in crease the risk of alcoholism, there are also genes that protect an individual from becoming an alcoholic (NIAAA 2008). For example, some people of Asian ancestry carry a gene that modifies their rate of alcohol metabolism which causes them to manifest symptoms such as flushing, nausea and tachycardia and these generally lead them to avoid alcohol; thus, it can be said that this gene actually helps protect those who possess it from becoming alcoholic (NIAAA 2008). Environment as an Aetiologic Factor of Alcoholism Another clearly identifiable factor is environment, which involves the way an individual is raised and his or her exposure to different kinds of activities and opportunities. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2005) relates that the genetic factor and the environmental factor have a close relationship in triggering alcoholism in an individual. This can be explained by the simple fact that even if an individual is genetically predisposed to becoming an alcoholic, if he is not exposed to a particular kind of environment which triggers activities that lead to alcohol intake, the likelihood of his becoming an alcoholic will be remote. There are certain aspects within the environment that makes it an important aetiologic factor. According to Alcohol Policy MD (2005) these aspects include acceptance by society, availability and public policies and enforcement. Acceptance in this case refers to the idea that drinking alcoholic drinks even those that should be de emed excessive is somewhat encouraged through mass media, peer attitudes and behaviours, role models, and the overall view of society. Television series, films and music videos glorify drinking sprees and even drunken behaviour (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). TV and film actors and sports figures, peers and local role models also encourage a positive attitude towards alcohol consumption which overshadows the reality of what alcohol drinking can lead to (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). In relation to this, a review of different studies conducted by Grube (2004) revealed that mass media in the form of television shows for instance has an immense influence on the youth (age 11 to 18) when it comes to alcohol consumption. In films, portrayals regarding the negative impact of alcohol drinking are rare and often highlight the idea that alcohol drinking has no negative impact on a persons overall wellbeing (Grube 2004). In support of these findings, a systematic review of longitudinal studies conducted by Anderson et al. (2009) revealed that the constant alcohol advertising in mass media can lead adolescents to start drinking or to increase their consumption for those who are already into it. Availability of alcoholic drinks is another important environmental aetiologic factor of alcoholism simply because of the reality that no matter how predisposed an individual is to become an alcoholic, the risk for alcoholism will still be low if alcoholic drinks are not available. On the other hand, if alcoholic beverages are readily available as often are today, then the risk for alcoholism is increased not only for those who are genetically predisposed to alcoholism but even for those who do not carry the alcoholic genes. The more licensed liquor stores in an area, the more likely people are to drink (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). The cheaper its price, the more affordable it is for people to buy and consume it in excess (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). Another crucial environmental aetiologic factor is the presence or absence of policies that regulate alcohol consumption and its strict or lax enforcement. It includes restricting alcohol consumption in specified areas, enacting stricter statutes concerning drunk driving and providing for penalties for those who sell to, buy for or serve to underage individuals (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). It is worthy to point out that in the UK, the drinking age is 18 and a person can be stopped, fined or even arrested by police if he or she is below this age and is seen drinking alcohol in public (Government UK 2015a). It is also against the law for someone to sell alcohol to an individual below 18; however, an individual age 16 or 17 when accompanied by an adult can actually drink but not buy alcohol in a pub or drink beer, wine or cider with a meal (Government UK 2015a). Policies to Combat Alcoholism One public health policy that can help address the problem on alcoholism is the mandatory code of practice for alcohol retailers which banned irresponsible alcohol promotions and competitions, and obliged retailers to provide free drinking water, compelled them to offer smaller measures and required them to have proof of age protocol. It can be argued that this policy addresses the problem of alcoholism by restricting the acceptance, availability and advertising of alcohol (Royal College of Nursing 2012). Another is the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 which is a statute that enables local authorities to take a tougher stance on establishments which break licensing rules about alcohol sale (Royal Collage of Nursing 2012). There is also the policy paper on harmful drinking which provides different strategies in addressing the problem of alcoholism. One such strategy is the advancement of the Change4Life campaign which promotes healthy lifestyle and therefore empha sises the recommended daily limit of alcohol intake for men and women (Government UK 2015b). Another strategy within this policy is the alcohol risk assessment as part of the NHS health check for adults ages 40 to 75 (Government UK 2015b). This policy aims to prevent rather than cure alcoholism which seems to be logical for after all, an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Conclusion Alcoholism which includes both alcohol misuse and alcohol dependence is a serious health problem which affects millions in the UK. Its aetiology is actually a combination of different factors. One vital factor is genetics wherein it can be argued that some people are predisposed to becoming an alcoholic. For example, an individual is at higher risk of becoming an alcoholic if he or she has a parent who is also alcoholic. When coupled with environmental factors, the risk of suffering from alcoholism becomes even greater. Environment refers to the acceptability and availability of alcohol and the presence or absence of policies that regulate alcohol sale and consumption. 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