Learning Teaching And Assessing

Learning Teaching And Assessing The author will discuss issues relating to assessment in the clinical area including areas for development and improvement. The assessment under consideration is A Safeguarding Children Induction Handbook (Nottinghamshire Community Health 2009). This is a competency based induction framework and is designed to be undertaken by all new staff who will have regular contact with children and families (appendix 3). It is the responsibility of managers to ensure that staff will have the opportunity to achieve and maintain the competencies. The Primary Care Trust (PCT ) intends that use of this framework will meet statutory requirements to safeguard children (Nottinghamshire Community Health 2009). . Practice teachers were directed to facilitate this programme for Specialist community public health nursing (SCPHN) students. Assessment is the means by which learners are graded, failed or passed fit for practice (Quinn and Hughes 2007). Assessment in practice provides the grounding to ascertain if a learner is ready to move on or can demonstrate competence. This is needed in order to protect the public. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) directs that SCPHN courses are balanced with 50% of learning in practice. Practice teachers are responsible for assessing students in public health practice. The portfolio is used to show evidence of achievement in practice. NMC (2008) advises portfolios are a method of evaluation suitable to collect information about a students competence to practice. Portfolios can demonstrate learning, by experience, reflection, personal and professional development and the students must cross reference all work to demonstrate achievement of NMC Standards of proficiency for SCPH nurses. Portfolio marking can be subjective and experience suggests students are not always clear what is n eeded to compile them. Calman et al (2002) suggested clinical assessment has relied on one practitioner observing and reporting on another which runs the risk of bias. As a student practice teacher the author has found this trying. There have been difficulties in achieving supervision due to a demanding caseload. A practice teacher mentor located at some distance has added to the challenge. The student and student practice teacher have benefited from time with university tutorial staff. In order to maintain good assessment processes careful allocation of mentors would be beneficial in future. Price (2007) and Gopee et al (2004) suggest that heavy workload of mentors and practice teachers may hinder learning; however teaching frameworks such as this one can help. Price (2007) suggests that knowing and being able to demonstrate knowledge are not enough to define fitness for practice. Practitioners should be assessed on consistency of accomplishments. Thus placements which take place o ver a long period are well set to meet those needs .The SCPHN student takes place over one academic year with a one to one practice teacher and student relationship. The author as a new practice teacher has found this very rewarding but also a fine balance between meeting the demands of student, clients and her own studies. Duffy (2004) in a report concerning mentors failing to fail students made recommendations. In order to identify any weaknesses in clinical practice mentors should work closely and habitually with students in order to make precise and honest assessments. As a trainee practice teacher the author has felt poorly prepared for assessment of students and though previous mentorship experience has proved useful it was very different. Closer work with a practice teacher mentor would be beneficial and the author has taken steps to address this. Peer support has proved invaluable and shared experience has been a reassuring factor. It is envisaged that the safeguarding induction programme will be part of portfolio evidence for student and practice teacher (appendix 3). It is the responsibility of the managers to evaluate which level of competency should be achieved. A problem based learning approach was considered to provide formative assessment. The NMC (2006) acknowledges that while the practice teacher will make summative assessments there is value in other mentors being involved in formative assessment. In practice other mentors have not been available due to staff sickness. Ousey (2003) found that problem based methods may promote learning as students felt involved and learn knowledge in context. Unfortunately the group identified to take part in this were not able to commit to regular meetings .Student anxiety about working with an unknown group was also a factor. The practice teacher was able to reassure the student that formative assessment was to provide the student with information about progress and tailor teaching to her needs (Quinn and Hughes 2007). Issues of equity and diversity were addressed as the course was tailored to meet an individuals needs. It seemed realistic to assume that the SCPHN student should achieve level 4 competencies, (can teach others) by the end of her course. When participating in an information evening and later first level interviews for potential CCPHN students the clear message was that the PCT intends that nurses with this level of qualification will be team leaders (Nottinghamshire Community Health 2008). Problem based learning can be a very supportive process and has the value of shared expertise (Price 1999). With future students and new starters better preparation should make this possible The safeguarding handbook does not make clear if there is a time limit set to achieve outcomes however they are based on recommendations from a national intercollegiate report (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 2006). Competency based assessment such as these rely on the assessor having the skills and knowledge to effectively monitor learning. The competency framework in question was delegated to new practice teachers with little preparatory training and this has resulted in needing to seek guidance form safeguarding nurses. This could have been avoided with better preparation. Use of the safeguarding induction handbook has proved useful tool to direct specific learning. This however was fixed by the needs of the PCT in order to meet national safeguarding directives. Its content is clearly and carefully designed but like all competency based assessment it relies on the assessors objectivity. It is described as an induction framework which implies it is for new starters only. This is confused by guidance notes which imply it is to be used to maintain staff competence. There are no clear timescales for achievement, that and the level to be achieved relies on individual managers. This may cause problems with equity of competence. Evaluation suggests this is a work in progress .The author recommends that new practice teachers and managers should have further training and feed back should be given to the development group for the annual review.

Violence in The Crusades :: essays research papers

The Crusades were a bloody time period. They were a military campaign by the pope and the Roman Catholic Church to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. They lasted from the 11th- 13th century. They were catastrophic and left Europe in ruins. Although the Crusades were such a violent period of time, they had a positive impact in history because of their role in the renaissance and exposing the Western world to the Eastern. The Crusades were an outlet for the intense religious tension between the Muslims and the church which rose up in the late 11th century. This all started because the church and the Catholics wanted the Holy Lands back from the Muslims. Around this time the church was the biggest institute and people were god-fearing. Pope Gregory VII wanted to control more lands and wanted to get back the lands that they had lost to the Muslims (Medieval Europe). So in order to get back these lands he launched The Crusades which he insisted to the peasants was a holy war instead. A major part of the fighters in the crusades were untrained and unqualified peasants who went out to get back the holy lands for the church from the ?evil Muslims? (Medieval Europe 164-167). This was called the Peasants Crusade. In order to get these peasants, who knew no better, to go and fight the church told them that if they were to go and fight these ?horrible Muslims? then they would automatically get admission into heaven. Of course this automatically appealed to the peasants being that they were so god-fearing. They thought that if they helped the church then they would go to heaven and so they jumped at such an opportunity to get a get-into-heaven-free card. These people in all their religious glory went in and attacked the city of Nicaea (TWW, 104), and got killed. The city of Nicaea was a well fortified city controlled by Seljuk Turks. The peasants went in and attacked and literally got slaughtered. Only 2000 peasants survived their hasty attack. Unfortunately mo st of the crusades went this way(TWW) The goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Lands in the name of the church and drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem. Violence in The Crusades :: essays research papers The Crusades were a bloody time period. They were a military campaign by the pope and the Roman Catholic Church to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. They lasted from the 11th- 13th century. They were catastrophic and left Europe in ruins. Although the Crusades were such a violent period of time, they had a positive impact in history because of their role in the renaissance and exposing the Western world to the Eastern. The Crusades were an outlet for the intense religious tension between the Muslims and the church which rose up in the late 11th century. This all started because the church and the Catholics wanted the Holy Lands back from the Muslims. Around this time the church was the biggest institute and people were god-fearing. Pope Gregory VII wanted to control more lands and wanted to get back the lands that they had lost to the Muslims (Medieval Europe). So in order to get back these lands he launched The Crusades which he insisted to the peasants was a holy war instead. A major part of the fighters in the crusades were untrained and unqualified peasants who went out to get back the holy lands for the church from the ?evil Muslims? (Medieval Europe 164-167). This was called the Peasants Crusade. In order to get these peasants, who knew no better, to go and fight the church told them that if they were to go and fight these ?horrible Muslims? then they would automatically get admission into heaven. Of course this automatically appealed to the peasants being that they were so god-fearing. They thought that if they helped the church then they would go to heaven and so they jumped at such an opportunity to get a get-into-heaven-free card. These people in all their religious glory went in and attacked the city of Nicaea (TWW, 104), and got killed. The city of Nicaea was a well fortified city controlled by Seljuk Turks. The peasants went in and attacked and literally got slaughtered. Only 2000 peasants survived their hasty attack. Unfortunately mo st of the crusades went this way(TWW) The goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Lands in the name of the church and drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem.

Primary Sourse

Erin Gaudette AP Prep History Block 2 Primary Sources ‘Governor Berkeley Reports,’ American Spirit, pages 33-34 (#A2) LAST QUESTION & ANSWER ONLY (#23) ‘A Contract for Indentured Service,’ American Spirit, pages 62-63 (#A1) ‘A Servant Girl Pays the Wages of Sin,’ American Spirit, page 69 (#A4) In the late 1600s Virginia was governed by Sir William Berkeley. In 1671, London asked Berkeley a series of questions including a question about the teachings of Christianity.He responded by saying, â€Å"our ministers are well paid, and by my consent should be better if they would pray more often and preach less. † Governor Berkeley also believed that children ought to be taught religion by their parents. He said, â€Å"But, I thank God, there are neither free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have these hundred years. For learning has brought disobedience, and heresy. † I don’t agree with what Governor Berkeley believed. He contradicted his own beliefs. He talked about how he was against new ways of thinking or new ideas.He wanted everyone to believe in the Christian religion. If Berkeley wanted everyone to stay with traditional ideas, why would he have wanted individual families to teach religion? Wouldn’t it be less likely to create free thinkers if one minister taught the children the religion instead of individual families? Berkeley wants to prevent any form of heresy, yet he is provoking it. Indentured servants were often lower class people in England who would work for a number of years and would then be set free.In return for their work they would be given free passage to America by their owner. In 1635 a list of requirements were written for the servant and owner to follow. The form included orders for the owner to provide the servant with food, drink, clothing, shelter, free passage to the new world, and after their years of work are over to provide them with corn for a year and 0 ac res of land, In my opinion, I think this contract is pretty fair. The contract makes the indentured servants seem like employees for a job. The indentured servants aren’t being forced to work; they are making the ecision to. Also, in return for their work they’re being repaid by their owners. The contract seems to give both parties a reasonable payment which makes the contract fair. Although I agree with the methods and payments of indentured servants, I don’t agree with the punishments some servants received. I do think some of the servants behaviors should be looked down upon, but I also think the punishment they faced was a bit harsh. Charles City County Court in Virginia has a record that shows how harsh the punishments got.Elizabeth Hatcher owned servant Anne Parke. When Anne Parke had a child her years of work were doubled. Every indentured servant and their owner had a contract for the amount of years they worked. Therefore, when Anne Parke’s contr act was doubled, it was violating her rights. I personally think the system created for indentured servants was fair, but since the agreement was not always followed it wasn’t carried out equally. The system could have been successful if both the owners and servants had followed it properly.

Explain the epidemiology of Alcoholism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2466 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction According to Alcohol Concern Organisation (2015) more than 9 million people in England consume alcoholic beverages more than the recommended daily limits. In relation to this, the National Health Service (2015) actually recommends no more than 3 to 4 units of alcohol a day for men and 2 to 3 units a day for women. The large number of people consuming alcohol more than the recommended limits, highlights the reality that alcoholism is a major health concern in the UK which can lead to a multitude of serious health problems. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Explain the epidemiology of Alcoholism" essay for you Create order Moss (2013) states that alcoholism and chronic use of alcohol are linked to various medical, psychiatric, social and family problems. To add to this, the Health and Social Care Information Centre (2014) reported that between 2012 and 2013, a total of 1,008,850 admissions related to alcohol consumption where an alcohol-related disease, injury or condition was the primary cause for hospital admission or a secondary diagnosis. This shows the detrimental impact of alcoholism on the health and overall wellbeing of millions of people in the UK. It is therefore vital to examine the aetiology of alcoholism in order to understand why so many people end up consuming excessive alcohol. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) (n.d.) supports this by stating that learning the natural history of a disorder will provide information essential for assessment and intervention and for the development of effective preventive measures. This essay will also look into the different p ublic health policies that address the problem of alcoholism in the UK. A brief description of what alcoholism is will first be provided. What is Alcoholism? It is safe to declare that alcoholism is a lay term that simply means excessive intake of alcohol. It can be divided into two forms namely; alcohol misuse or abuse and alcohol dependence. Alcohol misuse simply means excessive intake of alcohol more than the recommended limits (National Health Service Choices 2013). A good example of this is binge drinking. Alcohol dependence is worse because according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011, n.p.) it indicates craving, tolerance, a preoccupation with alcohol and continued drinking regardless of harmful consequences (e.g. liver disease). Under the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)- 5, these two have been joined as one disorder called alcohol use disorder or AUD with mild, moderate and severe sub-classifications (NIAAA 2015). Genetic Aetiologic Factor of Alcoholism Alcoholism is a complex disorder with several factors leading to its development (NIAAA 2005). Genetics and other biological aspects can be considered as one factor involved in the development of alcohol abuse and dependence (NIAAA 2005). Other factors include cognitive, behavioural, temperament, psychological and sociocultural (NIAAA 2005). According to Goodwin (1985) as far as the era of Aristotle and the Bible, alcoholism was believed to run in the families and thus could be inherited. To some extent, there is some basis that supports this ancient belief because in reality, alcoholic parents have about four to five times higher probability of having alcoholic children (Goodwin 1985). Today, this belief seems to lack substantially clear and direct research-based evidence. On the other hand, studies also do not deny the role of genetics in alcoholism. With this view, it is therefore safe to argue that genetics is considered still as an important aetiologic factor in alcoholism. The current consensus simply indicates that there is more to a simple gene or two that triggers the predisposition of an individual to become an alcoholic. Scutti (2014) reports that although scientists have known for some time that genetics take an active role in alcoholism, they also propose that an individuals inclination to be dependent on alcohol is more complicated than the simple presence or absence of any one gene. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2008) states that there is no one single gene that fully controls a persons predisposition to alcoholism rather multiple genes play different roles in a persons susceptibility in becoming an alcoholic. The NIAAA (2005) further claims that the evidence for a genetic factor in alcoholism lies mainly with studies that involve extended pedigree, those that involve identical and fraternal twins and those that include adopted individuals raised apart from their alcoholic parents. For pedigree studies, it is believed that the risk of suffering from alcoholism is increased four to seven fold among first-degree relatives of an alcoholic (Cotton 1979; Merikangas 1990 cited in NIAAA, 2005.). First degree relatives naturally refer to parent-child relationships; hence, a child is therefore four to seven times at higher risk of becoming an alcoholic, if one or both of their parents are alcoholics. Moss (2013) supports this by stating that children whose parents are alcoholic are at higher risk of becoming alcoholics themselves when compared to children whose parents are non-alcoholics. A study conducted by McGue, Pickens and Svikis (1992 cited in NIAAA 2005) revealed that identical twins generally have a higher concordance rate of alcoholism compared to fraternal twins or non-twin siblings. This basically means that a person who has an alcoholic identical twin, will have a higher risk of becoming an alcoholic himself when compared to if his alcoholic twin is merely a fraternal twin or a non -twin sibling. This study further proves the role of genetics in alcoholism because identical twins are genetically the same; hence, if one is alcoholic, the other must therefore also carry the alcoholic gene. The genetic factor in alcoholism is further bolstered by studies conducted by Cloninger, Bohman and Sigvardsson 1981 cited in NIAAA 2005 and Cadoret, Cain and Grove (1980 cited in NIAAA 2005) involving adopted children wherein the aim was to separate the genetic factor from the environmental factor of alcoholism. In these studies, children of alcoholic parents were adopted and raised away from their alcoholic parents but despite this, some of these children still develop alcoholism as adults at a higher rate than those adopted children who did not have an alcoholic biological parent (Cloninger et al., 1981 cited in NIAAA 2005 and Cadoret et al., 1980 cited in NIAAA 2005). One interesting fact about aetiologic genetic factor is that although there are genes that indeed in crease the risk of alcoholism, there are also genes that protect an individual from becoming an alcoholic (NIAAA 2008). For example, some people of Asian ancestry carry a gene that modifies their rate of alcohol metabolism which causes them to manifest symptoms such as flushing, nausea and tachycardia and these generally lead them to avoid alcohol; thus, it can be said that this gene actually helps protect those who possess it from becoming alcoholic (NIAAA 2008). Environment as an Aetiologic Factor of Alcoholism Another clearly identifiable factor is environment, which involves the way an individual is raised and his or her exposure to different kinds of activities and opportunities. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2005) relates that the genetic factor and the environmental factor have a close relationship in triggering alcoholism in an individual. This can be explained by the simple fact that even if an individual is genetically predisposed to becoming an alcoholic, if he is not exposed to a particular kind of environment which triggers activities that lead to alcohol intake, the likelihood of his becoming an alcoholic will be remote. There are certain aspects within the environment that makes it an important aetiologic factor. According to Alcohol Policy MD (2005) these aspects include acceptance by society, availability and public policies and enforcement. Acceptance in this case refers to the idea that drinking alcoholic drinks even those that should be de emed excessive is somewhat encouraged through mass media, peer attitudes and behaviours, role models, and the overall view of society. Television series, films and music videos glorify drinking sprees and even drunken behaviour (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). TV and film actors and sports figures, peers and local role models also encourage a positive attitude towards alcohol consumption which overshadows the reality of what alcohol drinking can lead to (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). In relation to this, a review of different studies conducted by Grube (2004) revealed that mass media in the form of television shows for instance has an immense influence on the youth (age 11 to 18) when it comes to alcohol consumption. In films, portrayals regarding the negative impact of alcohol drinking are rare and often highlight the idea that alcohol drinking has no negative impact on a persons overall wellbeing (Grube 2004). In support of these findings, a systematic review of longitudinal studies conducted by Anderson et al. (2009) revealed that the constant alcohol advertising in mass media can lead adolescents to start drinking or to increase their consumption for those who are already into it. Availability of alcoholic drinks is another important environmental aetiologic factor of alcoholism simply because of the reality that no matter how predisposed an individual is to become an alcoholic, the risk for alcoholism will still be low if alcoholic drinks are not available. On the other hand, if alcoholic beverages are readily available as often are today, then the risk for alcoholism is increased not only for those who are genetically predisposed to alcoholism but even for those who do not carry the alcoholic genes. The more licensed liquor stores in an area, the more likely people are to drink (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). The cheaper its price, the more affordable it is for people to buy and consume it in excess (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). Another crucial environmental aetiologic factor is the presence or absence of policies that regulate alcohol consumption and its strict or lax enforcement. It includes restricting alcohol consumption in specified areas, enacting stricter statutes concerning drunk driving and providing for penalties for those who sell to, buy for or serve to underage individuals (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). It is worthy to point out that in the UK, the drinking age is 18 and a person can be stopped, fined or even arrested by police if he or she is below this age and is seen drinking alcohol in public (Government UK 2015a). It is also against the law for someone to sell alcohol to an individual below 18; however, an individual age 16 or 17 when accompanied by an adult can actually drink but not buy alcohol in a pub or drink beer, wine or cider with a meal (Government UK 2015a). Policies to Combat Alcoholism One public health policy that can help address the problem on alcoholism is the mandatory code of practice for alcohol retailers which banned irresponsible alcohol promotions and competitions, and obliged retailers to provide free drinking water, compelled them to offer smaller measures and required them to have proof of age protocol. It can be argued that this policy addresses the problem of alcoholism by restricting the acceptance, availability and advertising of alcohol (Royal College of Nursing 2012). Another is the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 which is a statute that enables local authorities to take a tougher stance on establishments which break licensing rules about alcohol sale (Royal Collage of Nursing 2012). There is also the policy paper on harmful drinking which provides different strategies in addressing the problem of alcoholism. One such strategy is the advancement of the Change4Life campaign which promotes healthy lifestyle and therefore empha sises the recommended daily limit of alcohol intake for men and women (Government UK 2015b). Another strategy within this policy is the alcohol risk assessment as part of the NHS health check for adults ages 40 to 75 (Government UK 2015b). This policy aims to prevent rather than cure alcoholism which seems to be logical for after all, an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Conclusion Alcoholism which includes both alcohol misuse and alcohol dependence is a serious health problem which affects millions in the UK. Its aetiology is actually a combination of different factors. One vital factor is genetics wherein it can be argued that some people are predisposed to becoming an alcoholic. For example, an individual is at higher risk of becoming an alcoholic if he or she has a parent who is also alcoholic. When coupled with environmental factors, the risk of suffering from alcoholism becomes even greater. Environment refers to the acceptability and availability of alcohol and the presence or absence of policies that regulate alcohol sale and consumption. Vital health policies such as Harmful Drinking Policy Paper advocated by the government, are important preventive measures in reducing the incidence and prevalence of alcoholism in the UK. References Alcohol Concern Organisation (2015). Statistics on alcohol. [online]. Available from: https://www.alcoholconcern.org.uk/help-and-advice/statistics-on-alcohol/ [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Alcohol Policy MD (2005). The effects of environmental factors on alcohol use and abuse. [online]. Available from: https://www.alcoholpolicymd.com/alcohol_and_health/study_env.htm[Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Anderson, P., de Brujin, A., Angus, K., Gordon, R. and Hastings, G. (2009). Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 44(3):229-243. Goodwin, D. (1985). Alcoholism and genetics: The sins of the fathers. JAMA Psychiatry. 42(2):171-174. Government UK (2015a). Alcohol and young people. [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/alcohol-young-people-law [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Government UK (2015b). policy paper 2010 to 2015 government policy: Harmful drinking. [ online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-harmful-drinking/2010-to-2015-government-policy-harmful-drinking [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Grube, J. (2004). Alcohol in the media: Drinking portrayals, alcohol advertising, and alcohol consumption among youth. [online]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK37586/ [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Health and Social Care Information Centre (2014). Statistics on alcohol England, 2014. [online]. Available from: https://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB14184/alc-eng-2014-rep.pdf [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Moss, H.B. (2013). The impact of alcohol on society: A brief overview. Social Work in Public Health. 28(3-4):175-177. National Health Service (2015). Alcohol units. [online]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/alcohol/Pages/alcohol-units.aspx [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. National Health Services Choices (2013). Alcohol misuse. [online]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-misuse/pages/introduction.aspx [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2015). Alcohol use disorder: A comparison between DSM-IV and DSM-5. [online]. Available from: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.pdf [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2008). Genetics of alcohol use disorder. [online]. Available from: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-use-disorders/genetics-alcohol-use-disorders [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2005). Module 2: Etiology and natural history of alcoholism. [online]. Available from: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Module2EtiologyNaturalHistory/Module2.html [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011). Alcohol-use disorders: Diagn osis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. [online]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG115/chapter/Introduction [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Royal College of Nursing (2012). Alcohol: policies to reduce alcohol-related harm in England. [online]. Available from: https://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/438368/05.12_Alcohol_Short_Briefing_Feb2012.pdf [Accessed on 28 September 2015. Scutti, S. (2014). Is alcoholism genetic? Scientists discover link to a network of genes in the brain. [online]. Available from: https://www.medicaldaily.com/alcoholism-genetic-scientists-discover-link-network-genes-brain-312668 [Accessed on 28 September 2015].

The American Civil War was Unavoidable Essay - 659 Words

The American Civil War was unavoidable. Because of regional and political disputes the country would have continued to boil even if the extremists on both sides were kept under control. No matter what was done politically a conflict was necessary to eradicate slavery from this continent. Anger in the South was becoming a growing trend. The Southerners were angered by the fact that, in their view, the North was trying to dissolve their way of life. Congressman Robert Toombs of Georgia says, â€Å"if by your legislation you [northerners] seek to drive us from the territories...I am for disunion†. This Congressman from the South is so intent on making slaves legal in the territories that he is willing to break with the North over it. He†¦show more content†¦In the North opposition to slavery and the belief that the country can not survive divided were becoming the more dominant train of thoughts. Abraham Lincoln said that â€Å"a house divided can not stand† . He felt that either the country would be all slave or all free, but he knew fully that abolitionists would not give up. He also felt though that this issue would be resolved and that he did â€Å"not expect the Union to be dissolved† . He obviously thought that the South would give up easier, but he was wrong. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe she shows how evil slavery was in Document C by basically showing the cruelty that slaves had to endure and that Southern slave holders were evil with no remorse. She shows that slaves are mistreated and that this can not go on (P-C). With political leaders such as Lincoln believing that someone, particularly the South, would give in and authors such as Stowe showing the evils of slavery people in the North were bound to believe that slavery should be abolished. With more and more people feeling strongly about this in the North a conflict was bound to occur. In conclusion the question â€Å"why...can we not withdraw thi s vexed question [of slavery in the US] from politics†posed by Stephen Douglas can be answered in this way. The reason why the US could not just forget about the slavery issue and let people decide for themselves if they wanted slavesShow MoreRelatedEssay on The American Civil War was Unavoidable2135 Words   |  9 Pages If one thing is clear from studying early American history, it is that the Civil War was an unavoidable tragedy. Often, hindsight allows us to recognize those points at which history could have taken a different direction, if only some person or thing were different in some way. This is not the case with the American Civil War. Four factors support the notion of inevitability. This paper will explore the way that economics, previous compromises, changing social mores and values, and theRead MoreLeading to the Civil War644 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout history, wars started because of tension between two parties that blew up into full-fledged wa rs. At times, it is political tension caused by differences in political views. Other times, it is differences in the way they make money, economic disparities. It can even be social disputes that cause the war. The Civil War started because of confrontations about slavery between Northern and Southern United states. It was likewise caused by the different economic styles of the two halves ofRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Speech860 Words   |  4 Pagesthe American populous for a second time, in what was known as his second inaugural address, marking his second term in presidency, and his second address attending to a divided and strained nation. As the Civil War marched closer to resolution the American populous wished for someone or something to blame: A target to vent the pains of the nation’s conflict, yet instead of condemnation of either side Lincoln offered the concept of inclusion: neither wished for and was responsible for the war, ergoRead MoreW ar : An Unavoidable, Haunting, And Educational Event1149 Words   |  5 PagesWar: An Unavoidable, Haunting, and Educational Event â€Å"In Flanders Fields,† by John McCrae, â€Å"In Time of War,† by W.H. Auden, and â€Å"Facing It,† by Yusef Komunyakaa all share a theme of war. The symbols and settings used in these poems illustrate the theme of war and its hardships clearly. Last, the authors all have biographical backgrounds surrounding past wars. The symbols used in all three of these poems closely relate to the idea of war. In â€Å"In Flanders Fields,† McCrae uses the symbols of crossesRead MoreThe Moratorium March 752 Words   |  4 PagesMarch against the Vietnam War commenced in Washington D.C. Pacifists and peace administrators carried banners which stated, †A Calvinist for peace, No more war, We want peace now,† and some carried placards bearing the name of soldiers that had died during the war (Leen). The placards that had names of fallen soldiers were first used on November 13, 1969 during the protest called â€Å"March against Death.† Two days after this protest, the â€Å"Moratorium March† began. This was a massive march that consistedRead MoreMajor Cause Of The American Civil War1224 Words   |  5 PagesMAJOR CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR I. Introduction to Civil War The American Civil War was a war within the United States of America fought by the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865. This war was one of the most devastating events in American history, consuming more than 600,000 lives. It was thought to be one that molded the character of the American individual today. This war was seen as a War for Southern Independence or War of Rebellion for theRead MoreCause Of The American Civil War1403 Words   |  6 Pagesthe American Civil War. Many have stated that slavery was the primary cause for the Civil War. Some historians have argued that there were other causes of the Civil War. The one thing that all historians agreed upon was the division between the North (known as the Union) and the South (known as the Confederacy) that escalated on the soil of the United States of America (In Stampp, 1965). The battle between the two states is what created the â€Å"American Civil War.† The American Civil War startedRead MoreAlly Bireley. Mr. Cone. Apush - 1St. 24 February 2017.1427 Words   |  6 PagesSoldier’s Tale Amongst almost 3 million Civil War soldiers, over 600,000 lost their lives defending their notions of freedom and liberty in America. Approximately two-thirds of these soldiers, nonetheless, died from disease rather than wounds received on the battlefield. Lack of efficient medicine and health care caused much more impacting damage, as well as scarce, not up-to-date resources, and social divisions between the soldiers. Typically, an average Civil War soldier could expect to face extremeRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War956 Words   |  4 Pages Out of the first sixteenth president, Abraham Lincoln was the first president who created foundation about ending slaves in America via his Emancipation of Proclamation. Lincoln was also a strong supporter for Homestead Act and The Pacific Railway Act, which became an essential law for American economics. Furthermore, 13th Amendment was Lincoln top priority in legislation after he was reelected as the President. President Abraham Lincoln truly became one of the greatest presidents via these achievementsRead MoreThe Radical And The Republican996 Words   |  4 Pageson abolitionism, Abraham Lincoln, and the Civil War era. While Oakes is vigilant to dodge the evident dangers of hero-worship, his compassion for both Lincoln and Douglass is evident throughout. Oakes received the Lincoln Prize for his work on this manuscript which was published in 2007. Oakes: an American historian, professor of history and graduate school humanities at the City University of New York, teaches history courses on the American Civil War and Reconstruction, Slavery, the Old South

Not Just Another Women s Rights Spiel - 1218 Words

Not Just Another Women’s Rights Spiel In an excerpt from her 1929 novel A Room of One’s Own, Virginia Woolf presents an interesting question: With all the amazing literature of Elizabethan times, how could none of it have been written by women? She admits that there are not many hard facts from that age, but one can imagine that women did not have as many opportunities as men did, especially in the arts. Woolf invents a sister for the famed William Shakespeare and calls her Judith, supposing that Judith had the same literary talents and ambitions as her brother. Woolf writes Judith’s life story, chronicling Judith’s drab existence, daring escape, and tragic end, deciding that women of Shakespeare’s time couldn’t possibly write as Shakespeare did due to restrictions placed on them by society. The author intends to call attention to yet another injustice suffered by women in history, but one that is often overlooked: women’s influence, or lack thereof, in the arts. It is this uniq ue facet of the classic women’s rights argument that makes Woolf’s piece effective. Woolf’s focus on gender equality adds relevance to her argument, as it is a decidedly prevalent issue in the modern world. She uses the hypothetical story of Judith Shakespeare to illustrate how attitudes of men toward women affected an influential period of literature. Today, the feminist movement struggles to dispel the myth that women who identify as feminists hate men and seek for women to hold all positions ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about Jonathan Kozols Amazing Grace 1553 Words   |  7 Pagescom a children killed from that area. Further down the block, the place where they burn bodies of people is pointed out. It turns out that it was an incinerator for hazardous waste products transported from New York City hospitals. Nope, no bodies just things like the occasional amputated limb, fetal tissue, needles, soiled bedding, and used bandages are piled up until they can b e burned. On days that they burn the air is heavy and hard to breath. The number one illness of children in this are isRead MoreLet s Take A Second2219 Words   |  9 PagesLet’s take a second to remember. Tell me what you know? First of all, define the â€Å"S† word for me. Don’t be worried, you won’t be penalized for what you put down. Tell me about what you think slavery really is. Now think about your words. Did your definition include the terms â€Å"white†, â€Å"black†, or â€Å"segregation†? What about the phrases â€Å"slaughter†, â€Å"illegal†, or â€Å"genocide†? Tell me what you think that really means? No wait, don’t tell me, write it on your paper. Your sheets of white paper put neatlyRead MoreNy Life Annuities9169 Words   |  37 Pagesan agent might choose to sell, Blunt commented: About 40% of our agents sell a balanced mix of products across our portfolio. But many others, say 50%, sell mainly life insurance, with a sprinkling of long-term care and annuities thrown in. And another 10% tend to focus on annuities and mutual funds, and not so much on life insurance. In these latter two groups, an agent gets really good at selling one or two types of product and focuses his or her energies there. As a result, getting them to embraceRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesUniversity PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in

Management and Organisational Culture of IKEA †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Management and Organisational Culture of IKEA. Answer: Introduction IKEA is considered being a globally recognized home furnishing retailer. In the current scenario, IKEA is considered being one of the leading furniture and textile retailers in the world. IKEA is offering more than 9,500 products, which includes an entire range of home and office furnishings, equipment, lighting as well as accesssories. There is the availability of this broad range in every outlets of IKEA, and consumers can do the ordering of various products online on the official website of IKEA. In respect of the customers as well as staffs of the organization, IKEA is an association of distinctive traits. The organization is also well-known for providing similar variety of products in every country. The number of organizational products offered at a single store s ranging from 8,000 to 10,000 products, based on the size of the outlet. Similarly, the global strategy that the organization has adopted comprises of adjusting to the particular atmosphere as well as national traditons of the country where the outet is functioning. The locations of the store, design as well as display are generally adjusted to the overall needs of the market as well as customer behaviour. The personnel of the organization is considered being an enormously significant asset at IKEA, which tries doing the enlargement of the assortment base, improving the product as well as service quality. The creative approach as well as original designs in addition to the practical pricing policy will be contributing to the competitive advantage of the organization and will be explaining the organizations success to go through the period of crisis. The organizational culture of the organization will be incuding the key principles such as simplicity as well as high level of informality, the value regarding teamwork as well as embracing diversity within the staffs as well as varied means of doing things. In accord to the organizational culture of IKEA, it can be stated that humbleness to approach tasks as well as simplicity in the manner of conducting things are considered being the cornerstones of the cultural aspect regarding IKEA. In regard to organizational culture regarding value for teamwork, it can be stated that executives prefer managing as one-man show will not be fitting into the organizational culture of IKEA. The international furniture retailer wants to make sure that it does the employment of the individuals who will be sharing its values as well as do the appreciation of its cultural aspect. In regard to the organizational culture of embracing diversity among staffs, it can be stated that the almost 48% of the managers at IKEA and 33% of the Group Management team are considered being women. Women are also doing the representation of 54% of all the staffs working at IKEA. The international furnitue retailer is believing that the identification of differences within its staffs will be contributing towards creativity as well as supporting the business growth (Watson 2017). There are two kinds of organizational culture, such as strong culture and weak culture. Within a strong culture, the core values of the organization are both intensely held as well as shared widely. The core values of the organization are having a strong impact on the behavioual aspect of the staffs. Employees do the understanding of what is significant within the company. There exists an increased behavioural control level. The loyalty, commitment as well as identification of the organization are higher, and as result, there occurs lower turnover of staffs. Within a weak culture, values are often only shared at the top of the hierarchy of the organization (Thompson 2017). The staffs might be perceiving conflicting messages regarding what is significant. The values are having limited impact regarding the behaviour of the staffs and the loyalty, commitment as well as organizational recognition are lower. The functions of culture does the creation of distinctions within organizations, conveying a sense of identity in respect of the staffs, encouraging organizational commitment, encouraging behaviours that are expected, impacting the attitudes as well as behaviours of the staffs and acting as a mechanism of control (Stanford 2014). In addition, organizational culture does the creation of organizational climate. Organizational culture is referring to the shared insights that staffs are having about IKEA as well as the environment regardng work. Organizational climate will be strengthening the impacts of general feelings that many individuals hold regarding what is significant. According to research, it was found out that positive organizational climate is having a positive influence upon staff engagement, staff commitment, satisfaction of job, superior performance regarding work as well as higher satisfaction regarding the customers (Smith 2017). A positive culture can be created by building on the stength of employees, through effective communication as well as effective socialization. This leadership theory does the identification of the particular personality traits that is distinguishing the leaders from the non-leaders. Scholars undertaking the trait approach is attempting to do the identification of the physiological, demographic, personality, self-confidence as well as aggressive behaviours and social traits comprising of the emergence as well as effectiveness of the leaders. Successful leaders are having interests, capabilities as well as personality traits that are different from the leaders that are considered being less effective (Shove 2014). Among the core traits that are recognized, there exists the achievement drive, leadership motivation, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, business knowledge as well as emotional maturity. Behavioural theories of leadership It is focusing on the study of particular leadership behaviours. In respect of the behavioural theorists, the behavioural leader is the best predictor of their leadership impacts and therefore, is considered being the best determinant of his or her success relating to leadership. There exists two behavioural groups, such as consideration as well as initiating structure. Consideration comprises of people oriented behavioural leaders focusing on motivating, observing, coaching, as well as mentoring, whereas initiating structure comprises of task oriented leaders focusing on initiating, gathering of information, clarifying as well as organizing (Riivari 2014). The situational theory of leadership is suggesting that no single style of leadership is considered being the best. Instead, it is depending upon the present situation and which leadership type as well as strategies are best-suited to the task (Rall 2015). According to this theoretical approach, the leaders that are considered being most effective are considered being those that are having the ability to do the adaption of their style regarding the situational aspect as well as looking at indications like the kind of task, the group nature, as well as other factors that might be contributing to the aspect of completing the job (Pitts 2014). The motivation theory of Maslow is represented with the help of five stages that includes the physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs as well as self-actualization needs. The physiological needs will be including the attributes such as hunger, sleep as well as thirst. The safety needs will be including the attributes such as security, safeguard from danger as well as relief from pain. The social needs willl be at times referring to the needs for love like friendship, to give as well as receve love, and to engage in social activities as well as group membership (Pioch 2014). The esteem needs will be including both self-respect as well as others esteems. The self-actualization needs is relating to the desirability for develping as well as realizing a persons complete potential. According to this theory, when one set of needs gets actualized, the next needs level turns out to be more of a motivator regarding a person. A satisfied need is not considered being a moti vator and only the needs that are not satisfied will be motivating a person (Owoyemi 2014). An individual is having an inherent desire for working their way up the hierarchy, and to pursue satisfaction in higher order needs. ERG motivation theories This is a theory that is depending upon three primary needs of human beings such as existence, relatedness as well as growth. The existence needs comprises of all the material as well as physiological desires. This is similar to the first two levels of Maslow. The relatedness needs is encompassing the social as well as external esteem, associations with significant others such as family, friends, colleagues as well as employers, meaning to get identied as well as having a feeling of security as part of a group or family. This is similar to the third and fourth levels of Maslow. The growth needs will be including the internal esteem as well as self actualization, impelling an individual towards making creative or productive impacts on himself as well as the environment. This is similar to the fourth and fifth levels of Maslow. This will be including the desires for being creative as well as efficient, and doing the completion of tasks that are considered being meaningful (Mostafa 2016). Herzbergs Dual Factor, also known as Motivation-Hygiene Theory is considered being a need theory that is having the involvement of the Motivators as well as Hygiene factors. Hygiene factors are having the similarity with the lower three needs regarding Maslows theory and the Motivators are having similarity with the two higher level needs regarding the hierarchy of Maslow. It can be stated that a person might be having satisfaction regarding the Hygiene factors but unsatisfied due to the Motivators. Better pay as well as project conditions do not offset the project nature itself, or the requirement of a team member or project manager for gaining individual growth. In other words, there isnt any possibility for substituting the Motivators with the Hygiene Factors (Larsson 2016). This is significant for the project managers in realising when they will do the development of a motivational calculus in respect of the members of their team. Communication theories This is focusing on encoding as well as decoding that occurs before the message is send by the sender and before the message is received by the receiver in the respective manner. This model of communication is having majorly, four elements describing the process of communication, such as the sender, message, channel as well as receiver. The factors associated with sender are communication skills, attitude, knowledge, social systems and culture. The factors associated with message are content, elements, treatment, structure and code. The five senses of individuals are considered being the communication flow channel and it influencs the channels effectiveness. The five senses are regarded as hearing, seeing, touching, smelling as well as tasting (Lancashire 2016). The factors associated with receiver are the skills regarding communication, attitudes, knowledge, social systems, as well as culture. The designing of this communication model is done for developing the effective communication amongst the sender as well as reciever. The model will be dealing with different concepts such as sender or information source, encoder or transmitter, channel, decoder or receiver, receiver or destination as well as noise. The sender is the person who is making the message, choosing the channel as well as sending the message. The encoder is the sender who is using machines, converting the message into signals. The channel is the medium for sending the message. The decoder is consdered being the machine used for converting signals into message or the receiver translating the message from the signals. The receiver is the individual who is getting the message or the place where the message should be reaching (Hough 2013). The noise is the physical disturbances such as the environement, individuals and so on that will not be letting the message being received by the receiver as it was sent. The advantages regarding trait theories of leadership states that it builds on the basis that leaders are unique, and this theory is providing the benchmarks regarding the identification of leaders. Moreover, unlike other theories of leadership, Trait theory is boasting of many years of research for confirmig the approach. The disadvantages of this theory is stating that it is considered being leader-centric, and only concentrates upon the leader, not the follower or the circumstances. Another disadvantage associaed with this theory is that it fails to see in what ways particular traits does the influcing of outcomes relating to leadership like performance, productivity as well as the satisfaction of the staffs (Holma 2017). Moreover, certain findings are considered being vague that leads towards the improbability relating to the validity of the approach. Within IKEA, trait theory will be associated with the successful managers who are having interests, capabilities as well as personality traits that are different from the managers that are considered being less effective. Among the core traits that are recognized, there exists the achievement drive, leadership motivation, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, business knowledge as well as emotional maturity of the organizatinal managers (Gilles 2015). Behavioural theories of leadership The advantages associated with this theory states that the traits of leadership can be learned with the help of development as well as experience. The disadvantage associated with this theory is concened with the aspect of adaptability. There exists very limited knowledge as to how there will occur the use of behaviour theory in different cultural contexts as well as circumstances (Frding 2017). Within IKEA, the organizational manager following the behavioral theories can be considered being the best predictor of their leadership impacts and therefore, can be considered being the best determinant of his or her success relating to leadership within the company (England 2014). The advantages of situational leadership is associated with its ease of use as well as simplicity. It identifies the requirement in respect of flexbility on the leaders part and the followers significance as determinants relating to the behaviour of the leaders. The disadvantages associated with this leadership theory is that it disregards the manner in which the other cultures are communicating and also does the ignoring of differences amongst the female managers as well as male leaders (Duffield 2015). Within IKEA, the organizational managers who will be considered being most effective are considered being those that are having the ability to do the adaption of their style regarding the situational aspect as well as looking at indications like the kind of task, the group nature, as well as other factors that might be contributing to the aspect of completing the organizational work (Douglas 2014). The advantages of this theory is that it is providing an effective summary regarding the human requirements that can be used in designing of product, positioning of product as well as pricing. It also assists the marketers in focusing their appeals regarding advertising relating to particular requirements whose sharing is done by a huge segment of their target market (Clark 2013). The disadvantage regading this theory is that its testing cannot be done in an empirical manner, and the model is considered being very much simplistic, which states that it is lacking validity across varied cultural aspects. Within IKEA, when one set of needs gets actualized, the next needs level turns out to be more of a motivator regarding the organizational manager. A satisfied need is not considered being a motivator and only the needs that are not satisfied will be motivating the manager. An organizational manager will be having an inherent desire for working their way up the hierarchy, and to pursue satisfaction in higher order needs within the organization (Cadden 2013). The advantages of this theory is states that it does the elimination of potential dissatisfaction relating to job as well as maximization of satisfaction relating to job. The disadvantages of this theory states that its dependability is not reliable, it does the overlooking of the situational variables, and it is not free from discrimination (Bruno 2015). In respect of IKEA, it can be stated that better pay as well as project conditions will not offset the project nature itself, or the requirement of a team member or project manager for gaining individual growth. This is significant for the organizational project managers in realising when they will do the development of a motivational calculus in respect of the members of their team. Communication theories The advantages associated with this model of communication is that there occurs proper emphasis on the association amongst the individual who sends the message as well as the receiver. The disadvantages associated with this model of communication is that it is not mentioning about the communication barriers, the model is considered being complex and one of the major limitation is that it does the omitting of the use of sixth sense being a channel. In respect of IKEA, this theory of communication will be focusing on encoding as well as decoding that occurs before the message is send by the sender and before the message is received by the receiver in the respective manner withn the organization (Boateng 2016). The key opportunities regarding IKEA states that there is occuring a growing scope of demand regarding the products that are considered being environmentally friendly. Also, in order to do the attainment of market value, the company can do the following of the basic strategies of marketing associated with the aspect of penetrating as well as scheming the competitive industry for functioning internationally (Biggs 2013). The key challenges regarding IKEA states that the upcoming social trends can pose a threat regarding the business of IKEA. A significant percentage of potential customers are sceptical about using new products. Moreover, the furniture market is faced with strong competitors that will be influencing the market value of IKEA. Recommendations It can be recommended that IKEA should continue with its use of the positive strategies related with branding. Moreover, IKEA should be paying more attention towards its goals relating to sustainability. IKEA can also do the retention of its market value by making concrete plans for counteracting the organizational threats. The organization should also take into consideration both the advantages as well as disadvanatges of each theory of leadership, motivation as well as communication before implementing them within the organization. Conclusions To conclude, it can be stated that IKEA is a globally recognized brand, having hundreds of stores all over the world. From the above discussion, it can be stated that the organization is required undertaking further assessment of its markets, while the competitors are posing new challenges in respect of the organization. It is therefore, important that the organization should be making new strategies to maintain its strong financial position. This will be revealing the necessary opportunities it might be using as well as the challenges, which should be dealt with for the retention of the share in the market. References Biggs, S.E., Banks, T.D., Davey, J.D. and Freeman, J.E., 2013. Safety leaders perceptions of safety culture in a large Australasian construction organisation.Safety science,52, pp.3-12. Boateng, H. and Agyemang, F.G., 2016. The role of agreeableness trait and communal organisational culture in knowledge sharing.International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies,7(1-2), pp.154-165. Bruno, R. and Raphael, T., 2015.Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations. Mercury Content Providers. Cadden, T., Marshall, D. and Cao, G., 2013. Opposites attract: organisational culture and supply chain performance. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(1), pp.86-103. Clark, D.M., Silvester, K. and Knowles, S., 2013. Lean management systems: creating a culture of continuous quality improvement.Journal of clinical pathology, pp.jclinpath-2013. Douglas, E., Cromie, S., Leva, M.C. and Balfe, N., 2014. Modelling the reporting culture within a modern organisation.CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,36, pp.589-594. Duffield, S. and Whitty, S.J., 2015. Developing a systemic lessons learned knowledge model for organisational learning through projects.International journal of project management,33(2), pp.311-324. England, A.C., 2014. The value of arts and culture to people and society.Arts Council England, Manchester. Frding, K. and Lawrence, G., 2017. Sustainability at IKEA.Linnaeus Eco-Tech, pp.67-77. Gillies, A.C., 2015. Tools to support the development of a quality culture in a learning organisation.The TQM Journal,27(4), pp.471-482. Holma, T., Lehtimki, H. and Thatchenkery, T., 2017. Positive approaches to enhance customer-focused knowledge sharing culture in a financial services organisation.International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management,17(1-2), pp.21-36. Hough, G., 2016. 3 The organisation of social work in the customer culture.Transforming Social Work Practice: Postmodern Critical Perspectives. Lancashire, U.K., Sharp, H. and Barroca, L., 2016. Knowledge Sharing in a Large Agile Organisation. Larsson, A. and Schiehle, S., 2016. The Effects of Diversity on Multinational Organisations: An exploratory case study investigating the cross-cultural management and organisational culture of IKEA. Mostafa, N., 2016. Developing talent for the new organisation.Training Development,43(4), p.12. Owoyemi, O. and Ekwoaba, J.O., 2014. Organisational Culture: A Tool for Management to Control, Motivate and Enhance Employees Performance. Pioch, E.A. and Gerhard, U., 2014. Organizational culture as differentiator in international retailing.The Service Industries Journal,34(8), pp.729-749. Pitts, M. and Versluys, M.J. eds., 2014.Globalisation and the Roman world: world history, connectivity and material culture. Cambridge University Press. Rall, C.I.D.D., 2015. Module 3: Assignment 2: Analysis Report on IKEA.Analysis. Riivari, E. and Lms, A.M., 2014. Does it pay to be ethical? Examining the relationship between organisations ethical culture and innovativeness.Journal of Business Ethics,124(1), pp.1-17. Shove, E., Walker, G. and Brown, S., 2014. Material culture, room temperature and the social organisation of thermal energy.Journal of Material Culture,19(2), pp.113-124. Smith, P.E. and Rees, G., 2017. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ORGANIZATION, ITS ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.Strategic Human Resource Management: An International Perspective, p.3. Stanford, N., 2014.The Economist: Organisation Culture: How corporate habits can make or break a company. Profile Books. Thompson, S., 2017. Defining and measuring inclusionwithin an organisation. Watson, T., 2017.Sociology, work and organisation. Taylor Francis.